Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of direct data entry devices including: magnetic stripe reader, chip and PIN reader, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader, Optical Mark Recognition/Reader (OMR), Optical Character Recognition/Reader (OCR), bar code reader, QR scanner

Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of: Optical Mark Recognition (OMP) including school registers, multiple-choice examination papers, barcode, QR code

Validation routines including range check, character check, length check, type check, format check, presence check, check digit