The factors that affect population growth: Birth rate, death rate, net migration, immigration and emigration. Reasons for different rates of population growth in different countries: How and why birth rates, death rates and net migration vary between countries. The effects of changes in the size and structure of population on different countries: The concept of an optimum population. The effects of increases and decreases in population size and changes in the age and gender distribution of population. Note: interpretation of a population pyramid is required, but drawing is not.
Causes and impacts of differences in income; productivity; population growth; size of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors; saving and investment; education; and healthcare.