The factors that affect population growth: Birth rate, death rate, net migration, immigration and emigration. Reasons for different rates of population growth in different countries: How and why birth rates, death rates and net migration vary between countries. The effects of changes in the size and structure of population on different countries: The concept of an optimum population. The effects of increases and decreases in population size and changes in the age and gender distribution of population. Note: interpretation of a population pyramid is required, but drawing is not.

Definition of economic growth. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it can be used to measure economic growth. GDP per head (capita). Meaning of recession and how a recession moves the economy within its PPC. How changes in total demand may increase the utilisation of resources and GDP – resulting in a movement from inside toward the PPC. How economic growth shifts the economy’s PPC to the right and is caused by changes in investment, technology, and the quantity and quality of the factors of production. The costs and benefits of economic growth in the context of different economies. The range of policies available to promote economic growth and how effective they might be.