Definition of foreign exchange rate. Determination of foreign exchange rate in foreign exchange market: Floating and fixed systems. Causes of foreign exchange rate fluctuations: Including changes in demand for exports and imports, changes in the rate of interest, speculation, and the entry or departure of MNCs. Consequences of foreign exchange rate fluctuations: The effects of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on export and import prices and spending on imports and exports via the PED. The difference between, and the advantages and disadvantages of, a floating foreign exchange rate and a fixed foreign exchange rate system.

Definition of employment, unemployment and full employment. The nature and causes of changes in the pattern of employment, for example increase in proportion of workers employed in the tertiary sector and formal economy as an economy develops; a greater proportion of women in the labour force due to changes in social attitudes; decline in the proportion employed in the public sector as a country moves towards a market economy. How unemployment is measured – claimant count and labour force survey – and the formula for the unemployment rate. Frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment. The consequences of unemployment for the individual, firms and the economy as a whole. The range of policies available to reduce unemployment and how effective they might be.