Primary storage is directly accessed by the CPU. Including the role of random access memory (RAM) and read only memory (ROM). Including why a computer needs both RAM and ROM, and the difference between them. Secondary storage is not directly accessed by the CPU and is necessary for more permanent storage of data. Magnetic storage uses platters which are divided into tracks and sectors. Data is read and written using electromagnets. Including hard disk drive (HDD). Optical storage uses lasers to create and read pits and lands. Including: CD, DVD and Blu-ray. Solid-state (flash memory) uses NAND or NOR technology. Transistors are used as control gates and floating gates. Including: solid-state drive (SSD), SD card and USB drive. Pages of data are transferred between RAM and virtual memory when needed. Cloud storage can be accessed remotely in comparison to storing data locally. Physical servers and storage are needed to store data in cloud storage.

Understand how and why a computer represents sound, including the effects of the sample rate and sample resolution