Describe the structures of solids, liquids and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement and motion

State the formulae of the elements and compounds named in the subject content

Describe the use of a flame test to identify the cations: (a) lithium, ( Li^+ ) (b) sodium, ( Na^+ ) (c) potassium, ( K^+ ) (d) calcium, ( Ca^{2+} ) (e) barium, ( Ba^{2+} ) (f) copper(II), ( Cu^{2+} )