Describe how the properties of fractions obtained from petroleum change from the bottom to the top of the fractionating column, limited to: (a) decreasing chain length (b) higher volatility (c) lower boiling points (d) lower viscosity

Describe the use of a flame test to identify the cations: (a) lithium, ( Li^+ ) (b) sodium, ( Na^+ ) (c) potassium, ( K^+ ) (d) calcium, ( Ca^{2+} ) (e) barium, ( Ba^{2+} ) (f) copper(II), ( Cu^{2+} )

Describe the properties of alkenes in terms of addition reactions with: (a) bromine or aqueous bromine (b) hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst (c) steam in the presence of an acid catalyst and draw the structural or displayed formulae of the products