Errors can occur during data transmission due to interference, e.g., data loss, data gain and data change. Including parity byte and parity block check. Including the use of positive/negative acknowledgements and timeout.

Any form of data needs to be converted to binary to be processed by a computer. Data is processed using logic gates and stored in registers. Denary is a base 10 system. Binary is a base 2 system. Hexadecimal is a base 16 system. Values used will be integers only. Conversions in both directions, e.g., denary to binary or binary to denary. Maximum binary number length of 16-bit. Hexadecimal is easier for humans to understand than binary, as it is a shorter representation of binary. An overflow error will occur if the value is greater than 255 in an 8-bit register. A computer or a device has a predefined limit that it can represent or store, for example, 16-bit. An overflow error occurs when a value outside this limit should be returned.