The concept of an optimum population. The effects of increases and decreases in population size and changes in the age and gender distribution of population.

How changes in demand and supply, relative bargaining strengths, discrimination and government policy can all influence differences in earnings between workers whether they are: skilled/unskilled; primary/secondary/tertiary; male/female; private sector/public sector. Definition, drawing and interpretation of diagrams that illustrate the effects of changes in demand and supply in the labour market.

Policies including those promoting economic growth, improved education, more generous state benefits, progressive taxation, and national minimum wage.