Describe tests using aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia to identify the aqueous cations: (a) aluminium, Al^3+ (b) ammonium, NH4^+ (c) calcium, Ca^2+ (d) chromium(III), Cr^3+ (e) copper(II), Cu^2+ (f) iron(II), Fe^2+ (g) iron(III), Fe^3+ (h) zinc, Zn^2+

Describe and explain the effect on the rate of reactions of: (a) changing the concentration of solutions (b) changing the pressure of gases (c) changing the surface area of solids (d) changing the temperature (e) adding or removing a catalyst, including enzymes using collision theory

Explain how oxides of nitrogen form in car engines and describe their removal by catalytic converters, e.g. 2CO + 2NO → 2CO2 + N2