Preventing misuse of personal data, including: how personal data can be kept secure, including network security measures, how personal data can be gathered by unauthorised persons (smishing, visiting, phishing and pharming) and how this might be prevented, including firewalls (hardware and software)

Encryption protocols, including: the purpose of Transport Layer Security (TLS)/Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), the use of TLS/SSL and IPsec in client server communication