describe the structure of a DNA molecule as a double helix, including: • the importance of complementary base pairing between the 5’ to 3’ strand and the 3’ to 5’ strand (antiparallel strands) • differences in hydrogen bonding between C–G and A–T base pairs • linking of nucleotides by phosphodiester bonds
state that glucose, fructose and maltose are reducing sugars and that sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
describe the types of interaction that hold protein molecules in shape: • hydrophobic interactions • hydrogen bonding • ionic bonding • covalent bonding, including disulfide bonds