outline the need for energy in living organisms, as illustrated by active transport, movement and anabolic reactions, such as those occurring in DNA replication and protein synthesis

explain that during photophosphorylation: • energetic electrons release energy as they pass through the electron transport chain (details of carriers are not expected) • the released energy is used to transfer protons across the thylakoid membrane • protons return to the stroma from the thylakoid space by facilitated diffusion through ATP synthase, providing energy for ATP synthesis (details of ATP synthase are not expected)