explain the mode of action of enzymes in terms of an active site, enzyme–substrate complex, lowering of activation energy and enzyme specificity, including the lock-and-key hypothesis and the induced-fit hypothesis

investigate and explain the effects of the following factors on the rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions: • temperature • pH (using buffer solutions) • enzyme concentration • substrate concentration • inhibitor concentration

outline the role of telomeres in preventing the loss of genes from the ends of chromosomes during DNA replication