describe: (a) the redox reaction with reactive metals to produce a salt and H\(_2\)(g) (b) the neutralisation reaction with alkalis to produce a salt and H\(_2\)O(l) (c) the acid–base reaction with carbonates to produce a salt and H\(_2\)O(l) and CO\(_2\)(g) (d) esterification with alcohols with concentrated H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) as catalyst (e) reduction by LiAlH\(_4\) to form a primary alcohol

describe the following reactions of alkenes: (a) the electrophilic addition of (i) hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction, \( H_2(g) \) and Pt/Ni catalyst and heat (ii) steam, \( H_2O(g) \) and \( H_3PO_4 \) catalyst (iii) a hydrogen halide, \( HX(g) \), at room temperature (iv) a halogen, \( X_2 \) (b) the oxidation by cold dilute acidified \( KMnO_4 \) to form the diol (c) the oxidation by hot concentrated acidified \( KMnO_4 \) leading to the rupture of the carbon–carbon double bond and the identities of the subsequent products to determine the position of alkene linkages in larger molecules (d) addition polymerisation exemplified by the reactions of ethene and propene

describe the following nucleophilic substitution reactions: (a) the reaction with NaOH(aq) and heat to produce an alcohol (b) the reaction with KCN in ethanol and heat to produce a nitrile (c) the reaction with \( NH_3 \) in ethanol heated under pressure to produce an amine (d) the reaction with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol as a method of identifying the halogen present as exemplified by bromoethane