describe, in simple terms, the lattice structure of a crystalline solid which is: (a) giant ionic, including sodium chloride and magnesium oxide (b) simple molecular, including iodine, buckminsterfullerene \( C_{60} \) and ice (c) giant molecular, including silicon(IV) oxide, graphite and diamond (d) giant metallic, including copper
define relative atomic mass, \(A_r\), relative isotopic mass, relative molecular mass, \(M_r\) and relative formula mass in terms of the unified atomic mass unit
describe the arrangement of σ and π bonds in molecules containing sp, sp\(^2\) and sp\(^3\) hybridised atoms