recall the reactions by which amines can be produced: (a) reaction of a halogenoalkane with \( NH_3 \) in ethanol heated under pressure Classification of amines will not be tested at AS Level.

describe the following nucleophilic substitution reactions: (a) the reaction with NaOH(aq) and heat to produce an alcohol (b) the reaction with KCN in ethanol and heat to produce a nitrile (c) the reaction with \( NH_3 \) in ethanol heated under pressure to produce an amine (d) the reaction with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol as a method of identifying the halogen present as exemplified by bromoethane

describe and explain: (a) the basicity of ammonia, using the Brønsted–Lowry theory (b) the structure of the ammonium ion and its formation by an acid–base reaction (c) the displacement of ammonia from ammonium salts by an acid–base reaction