describe the following reactions of alkenes: (a) the electrophilic addition of (i) hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction, \( H_2(g) \) and Pt/Ni catalyst and heat (ii) steam, \( H_2O(g) \) and \( H_3PO_4 \) catalyst (iii) a hydrogen halide, \( HX(g) \), at room temperature (iv) a halogen, \( X_2 \) (b) the oxidation by cold dilute acidified \( KMnO_4 \) to form the diol (c) the oxidation by hot concentrated acidified \( KMnO_4 \) leading to the rupture of the carbon–carbon double bond and the identities of the subsequent products to determine the position of alkene linkages in larger molecules (d) addition polymerisation exemplified by the reactions of ethene and propene

for an organic molecule containing several functional groups: (a) identify organic functional groups using the reactions in the syllabus (b) predict properties and reactions

describe: (a) the reduction of aldehydes and ketones using NaBH\(_4\) or LiAlH\(_4\) to produce alcohols (b) the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with HCN, KCN as catalyst, and heat to produce hydroxymitriles as exemplified by ethanol and propanone