describe the elimination reaction with NaOH in ethanol and heat to produce an alkene as exemplified by bromoethane

describe: (a) the reaction with oxygen (combustion) (b) substitution to form halogenoalkanes, e.g. by reaction with HX(g); or with KCl and concentrated \( H_2SO_4 \) or concentrated \( H_3PO_4 \); or with PCl\(_3\) and heat; or with PCl\(_5\); or with SOCI\(_2\) (c) the reaction with Na(s) (d) oxidation with acidified \( K_2Cr_2O_7 \) or acidified KMnO\(_4\) to: (i) carbonyl compounds by distillation (ii) carboxylic acids by refluxing (primary alcohols give aldehydes which can be further oxidised to carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols give ketones, tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised) (e) dehydration to an alkene, by using a heated catalyst, e.g. \( Al_2O_3 \) or a concentrated acid (f) formation of esters by reaction with carboxylic acids and concentrated \( H_2SO_4 \) as catalyst as exemplified by ethanol

define and use the terms: (a) standard conditions (this syllabus assumes that these are 298 K and 101 kPa) shown by \(^\circ\). (b) enthalpy change with particular reference to: reaction, \(\Delta H_r\), formation, \(\Delta H_f\), combustion, \(\Delta H_c\), neutralisation, \(\Delta H_{neut}\)