calculate the relative atomic mass of an element given the relative abundances of its isotopes, or its mass spectrum
define relative atomic mass, \(A_r\), relative isotopic mass, relative molecular mass, \(M_r\) and relative formula mass in terms of the unified atomic mass unit
perform calculations including use of the mole concept, involving: (a) reacting masses (from formulas and equations) including percentage yield calculations (b) volumes of gases (e.g. in the burning of hydrocarbons) (c) volumes and concentrations of solutions (d) limiting reagent and excess reagent (When performing calculations, candidates’ answers should reflect the number of significant figures given or asked for in the question. When rounding up or down, candidates should ensure that significant figures are neither lost unnecessarily nor used beyond what is justified (see also Mathematical requirements section)) (e) deduce stoichiometric relationships from calculations such as those in 2.4.1(a)–(d)