describe and explain the reactions of halide ions with: (a) aqueous silver ions followed by aqueous ammonia (the formation and formula of the \([Ag(NH_3)_2]^+\) complex is not required) (b) concentrated sulfuric acid, to include balanced chemical equations

describe the following reactions of alkenes: (a) the electrophilic addition of (i) hydrogen in a hydrogenation reaction, \( H_2(g) \) and Pt/Ni catalyst and heat (ii) steam, \( H_2O(g) \) and \( H_3PO_4 \) catalyst (iii) a hydrogen halide, \( HX(g) \), at room temperature (iv) a halogen, \( X_2 \) (b) the oxidation by cold dilute acidified \( KMnO_4 \) to form the diol (c) the oxidation by hot concentrated acidified \( KMnO_4 \) leading to the rupture of the carbon–carbon double bond and the identities of the subsequent products to determine the position of alkene linkages in larger molecules (d) addition polymerisation exemplified by the reactions of ethene and propene

explain and use the terms catalyst and catalysis: (a) explain that, in the presence of a catalyst, a reaction has a different mechanism, i.e. one of lower activation energy (b) explain this catalytic effect in terms of the Boltzmann distribution (c) construct and interpret a reaction pathway diagram, for a reaction in the presence and absence of an effective catalyst