recall the reactions by which carboxylic acids can be produced: (a) oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes with acidified \( K_2Cr_2O_7 \) or acidified \( KMnO_4 \) and refluxing (b) hydrolysis of nitriles with dilute acid or dilute alkali followed by acidification (c) hydrolysis of esters with dilute acid or dilute alkali and heat followed by acidification
describe the hydrolysis of nitriles with dilute acid or dilute alkali followed by acidification to produce a carboxylic acid
describe the hydrolysis of esters by dilute acid and by dilute alkali and heat