recognise the environmental consequences of carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and unburnt hydrocarbons arising from the combustion of alkanes in the internal combustion engine and of their catalytic removal

define and use the terms: (a) standard conditions (this syllabus assumes that these are 298 K and 101 kPa) shown by \(^\circ\). (b) enthalpy change with particular reference to: reaction, \(\Delta H_r\), formation, \(\Delta H_f\), combustion, \(\Delta H_c\), neutralisation, \(\Delta H_{neut}\)

perform calculations including use of the mole concept, involving: (a) reacting masses (from formulas and equations) including percentage yield calculations (b) volumes of gases (e.g. in the burning of hydrocarbons) (c) volumes and concentrations of solutions (d) limiting reagent and excess reagent (When performing calculations, candidates’ answers should reflect the number of significant figures given or asked for in the question. When rounding up or down, candidates should ensure that significant figures are neither lost unnecessarily nor used beyond what is justified (see also Mathematical requirements section)) (e) deduce stoichiometric relationships from calculations such as those in 2.4.1(a)–(d)