describe and explain: (a) the basicity of ammonia, using the Brønsted–Lowry theory (b) the structure of the ammonium ion and its formation by an acid–base reaction (c) the displacement of ammonia from ammonium salts by an acid–base reaction

describe and explain the conditions used in the Haber process and the Contact process, as examples of the importance of an understanding of dynamic equilibrium in the chemical industry and the application of Le Chatelier’s principle

construct and interpret a reaction pathway diagram, in terms of the enthalpy change of the reaction and of the activation energy