describe and explain: (a) the basicity of ammonia, using the Brønsted–Lowry theory (b) the structure of the ammonium ion and its formation by an acid–base reaction (c) the displacement of ammonia from ammonium salts by an acid–base reaction

describe, and write equations for, the thermal decomposition of the nitrates and carbonates, to include the trend in thermal stabilities

define and use the terms: (a) standard conditions (this syllabus assumes that these are 298 K and 101 kPa) shown by \(^\circ\). (b) enthalpy change with particular reference to: reaction, \(\Delta H_r\), formation, \(\Delta H_f\), combustion, \(\Delta H_c\), neutralisation, \(\Delta H_{neut}\)