interpret and use the following terminology associated with types of organic compounds and reactions: (a) homologous series (b) saturated and unsaturated (c) homolytic and heterolytic fission (d) free radical, initiation, propagation, termination (e) nucleophile, electrophile, nucleophilic, electrophilic (f) addition, substitution, elimination, hydrolysis, condensation (g) oxidation and reduction (in equations for organic redox reactions, the symbol [O] can be used to represent one atom of oxygen from an oxidising agent and the symbol [H] to represent one atom of hydrogen from a reducing agent)

describe: (a) the reaction with oxygen (combustion) (b) substitution to form halogenoalkanes, e.g. by reaction with HX(g); or with KCl and concentrated \( H_2SO_4 \) or concentrated \( H_3PO_4 \); or with PCl\(_3\) and heat; or with PCl\(_5\); or with SOCI\(_2\) (c) the reaction with Na(s) (d) oxidation with acidified \( K_2Cr_2O_7 \) or acidified KMnO\(_4\) to: (i) carbonyl compounds by distillation (ii) carboxylic acids by refluxing (primary alcohols give aldehydes which can be further oxidised to carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols give ketones, tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised) (e) dehydration to an alkene, by using a heated catalyst, e.g. \( Al_2O_3 \) or a concentrated acid (f) formation of esters by reaction with carboxylic acids and concentrated \( H_2SO_4 \) as catalyst as exemplified by ethanol

interpret and use the general, structural, displayed and skeletal formulas of the classes of compound stated in the table on pages 29 and 30