describe the following nucleophilic substitution reactions: (a) the reaction with NaOH(aq) and heat to produce an alcohol (b) the reaction with KCN in ethanol and heat to produce a nitrile (c) the reaction with \( NH_3 \) in ethanol heated under pressure to produce an amine (d) the reaction with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol as a method of identifying the halogen present as exemplified by bromoethane

describe: (a) the reduction of aldehydes and ketones using NaBH\(_4\) or LiAlH\(_4\) to produce alcohols (b) the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with HCN, KCN as catalyst, and heat to produce hydroxymitriles as exemplified by ethanol and propanone

describe: (a) the redox reaction with reactive metals to produce a salt and H\(_2\)(g) (b) the neutralisation reaction with alkalis to produce a salt and H\(_2\)O(l) (c) the acid–base reaction with carbonates to produce a salt and H\(_2\)O(l) and CO\(_2\)(g) (d) esterification with alcohols with concentrated H\(_2\)SO\(_4\) as catalyst (e) reduction by LiAlH\(_4\) to form a primary alcohol