explain how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a gas and derive and use the relationship pV = ⅓Nm < c² >, where < c² > is the mean-square speed (a simple model considering one-dimensional collisions and then extending to three dimensions using ⅓ < c² > = < cx² > is sufficient)

describe and explain motion due to a uniform velocity in one direction and a uniform acceleration in a perpendicular direction

understand that the scale of thermodynamic temperature does not depend on the property of any particular substance