understand that internal energy is determined by the state of the system and that it can be expressed as the sum of a random distribution of kinetic and potential energies associated with the molecules of a system

explain how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a gas and derive and use the relationship pV = ⅓Nm < c² >, where < c² > is the mean-square speed (a simple model considering one-dimensional collisions and then extending to three dimensions using ⅓ < c² > = < cx² > is sufficient)