understand and explain the effects of systematic errors (including zero errors) and random errors in measurements

recall and use W = pΔV for the work done when the volume of a gas changes at constant pressure and understand the difference between the work done by the gas and the work done on the gas

show an understanding of experiments that demonstrate diffraction including the qualitative effect of the gap width relative to the wavelength of the wave; for example diffraction of water waves in a ripple tank