use molar quantities where one mole of any substance is the amount containing a number of particles of that substance equal to the Avogadro constant NA

explain how molecular movement causes the pressure exerted by a gas and derive and use the relationship pV = ⅓Nm < c² >, where < c² > is the mean-square speed (a simple model considering one-dimensional collisions and then extending to three dimensions using ⅓ < c² > = < cx² > is sufficient)