measurement of changes in the price level: consumer price index (CPI), possible difficulties in measurement
effectiveness of different policies in relation to different macroeconomic objectives: fiscal policy including Laffer curve analysis, monetary policy, supply-side policy including market-based and interventionist policies, exchange rate policy, international trade policy
AD/AS analysis of the impact of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy on the equilibrium level of national income and the level of real output, the price level and employment