limitations of the theories of absolute and comparative advantage

application and effectiveness of measures to tackle different forms of market failure: specific and ad valorem indirect taxes, subsidies, price controls, production quotas, prohibitions and licences, regulation and deregulation, direct provision, pollution permits, property rights, nationalisation and privatisation, provision of information, behavioural insights and ‘nudge’ theory

use of costs and benefits in analysing decisions (knowledge of net present value is not required)