9700_m17_qp_22
A paper of Biology, 9700
Questions:
6
Year:
2017
Paper:
2
Variant:
2
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1
A diagram of a chromosome from a dividing cell is shown in . A dividing cell is at risk of losing genetic material each time DNA replication occurs. On , add a label line and the letter G to show the location on the chromosome of an area that helps to prevent the loss of genes. The chromosome shown in consists of one long DNA molecule associated with histone proteins. Name one stage of mitosis in which a chromosome would have the same general structure as the chromosome shown in . Name the stage in the mitotic cell cycle during which the cytoplasm and the cell divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells. The control of the cell cycle can be affected by extracellular chemical messengers that bind to proteins and glycoproteins in the cell surface membrane. The overall mechanism is known as cell signalling. State the term used to describe the proteins and glycoproteins that function in this way.
5. The mitotic cell cycle  →  5.1. Replication and division of nuclei and cells
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2
The infectious disease cholera is caused by a bacterium. shows a transmission electron micrograph of this bacterium. ×30 000 Name the bacterium that causes cholera. The bacterium in is an example of a prokaryotic cell. Each of the descriptions A to C describes a cell structure found in prokaryotic cells and in plant cells. For each of the descriptions A to C: • name the cell structure described • state one difference in this structure between a prokaryotic cell and a plant cell. A the site of polypeptide synthesis cell structure difference B the genetic material of the cell cell structure difference C the structure that provides a rigid shape to the cell and prevents osmotic lysis cell structure difference Cholera is an example of an infectious disease. Explain what is meant by an infectious disease. The symptoms of cholera are caused by choleragen, a toxin released by the bacterium. Choleragen is a protein made up of six polypeptides: • a single copy of a polypeptide known as the A subunit that includes an extended alpha helix • five polypeptides that together make the B subunit. The B subunit of choleragen binds to a cell surface membrane component, known as GM1, of an intestinal epithelial cell. The complete choleragen protein then enters the cell by endocytosis. Once inside the cell, the A subunit of the protein acts as an enzyme, disrupting the normal functioning of the cell. List the levels of protein structure present in choleragen. Outline the mechanism by which choleragen enters the cell. You may use the space for annotated diagrams. Using genetic engineering, it is possible to produce a form of choleragen consisting of only subunit B. This can be combined with inactivated bacterial cells to produce a vaccine against cholera. Suggest why subunit B, rather than subunit A, is used in the vaccine. Outline how this vaccine can give protection against cholera.
10. Infectious diseases  →  10.1. Infectious diseases
1. Cell structure  →  1.2. Cells as the basic units of living organisms
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3
Catalase is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, a toxic waste product of metabolism. catalase 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 shows the results of an investigation into the effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration on the rate of the catalase-controlled reaction, with and without the presence of two different inhibitors. hydrogen peroxide concentration / mmol dm–3 rate of reaction / arbitrary units X Y Z The inhibitors used in the investigation have different modes of action. Identify which of curves X, Y and Z are the results for: • the reaction with the non-competitive inhibitor • the reaction with the competitive inhibitor • the reaction without any inhibitor. non-competitive inhibitor competitive inhibitor without any inhibitor With reference to , compare the maximum rate of reaction, Vmax, and the Michaelis-Menten constant, Km, for curves X, Y and Z. Vmax Km Hydrogen peroxide has a harmful effect on cells. One effect is to damage DNA. Describe the structure of DNA. The cell has mechanisms to repair the damage to DNA caused by hydrogen peroxide. Errors in repair may cause a change to the structure of DNA. Studies have investigated possible risks associated with foods and drinks that contain hydrogen peroxide. This is because the compound can be considered a mutagen. Mutagens cause mutations. Explain why hydrogen peroxide can be considered a mutagen.
3. Enzymes  →  3.2. Factors that affect enzyme action
3. Enzymes  →  3.1. Mode of action of enzymes
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4
The transport systems of plants and mammals both function to transport substances to and from cells. Table 4.1 contains descriptions concerning the mammalian circulatory system and the structure of the heart. Complete Table 4.1 by writing down the term that matches each description. Table 4.1 description term a transport system where blood is enclosed in blood vessels and passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit of the body blood vessel, with a lumen of approximately 7 μm in diameter, that supplies substances to cells the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart the chamber of the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the body the structure dividing the heart into the left and right sides Water is the main component of the fluids associated with transport in mammals and plants. One property of water is its ability to act as a solvent. Suggest why this property is important in the mammalian transport system. The transport of water in plants depends on the ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds. Explain how hydrogen bonding is involved with the movement of water in the xylem.
7. Transport in plants  →  7.2. Transport mechanisms
8. Transport in mammals  →  8.1. The circulatory system
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5
Smooth muscle and cartilage are two of the tissues found in the walls of structures of the gas exchange system of mammals. Complete to show the distribution of these tissues in the gas exchange system of mammals. Choose from the four structures listed below. alveolus trachea bronchus bronchiole smooth muscle present absent cartilage present cartilage absent irregular plates and incomplete rings incomplete rings only Tobacco smoke is known to be one of the causes of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Outline how tobacco smoke may cause lung cancer. shows a section through the wall of one part of the gas exchange system in a person with COPD. The tissue in the section of the wall labelled X is the result of changes to the original healthy tissue lining the lumen of the gas exchange system. The tissue shown is not scar tissue and is not a tumour. lumen of gas exchange system smooth muscle X The area labelled X on is different in appearance to the original healthy tissue in the same part of the gas exchange system. Describe these differences.
9. Gas exchange  →  9.1. The gas exchange system
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6
A student investigated the effect of changing the surface area to volume ratio on diffusion. • Two different-sized blocks of agar, X and Y, were made. • The agar contained Universal Indicator solution. • Universal Indicator solution changes colour when acid is added. • The blocks were placed in dilute hydrochloric acid at the same temperature. • The student timed how long it took for each block to change colour completely. Blocks X and Y are shown in . All dimensions are in cm. X Y The surface area to volume ratio of block X is 5:1. Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of block Y. Show your working. The student observed that block X changed colour completely in a much shorter time than block Y. Explain why. Suggest how the results of this investigation help to explain why plants need a transport system. An experiment was carried out by the student to investigate the ability of reducing sugars to diffuse through Visking tubing. shows the apparatus used. Visking tubing external solution solution containing reducing sugars At the start of the experiment, the external solution did not contain any reducing sugars. At intervals, the student tested for the presence of reducing sugars, both within the Visking tubing and in the external solution. Name the reagent that is used to test for the presence of reducing sugars.
4. Cell membranes and transport  →  4.2. Movement into and out of cells
2. Biological molecules  →  2.1. Testing for biological molecules
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