9700_s16_qp_21
A paper of Biology, 9700
Questions:
6
Year:
2016
Paper:
2
Variant:
1
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1
Table 1.1 shows features of three infectious diseases: malaria, tuberculosis (TB) and cholera. Complete Table 1.1. Table 1.1 feature malaria tuberculosis cholera name of pathogen ………………… … falciparum Mycobacterium tuberculosis ………………… … ………………… … type of organism ………………… … bacterium ………………… … method of transmission ………………… … ………………… … ………………… … ………………… … ………………… … ………………… … drinking water and food contaminated with human faeces
10. Infectious diseases  →  10.1. Infectious diseases
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2
Macrophages synthesise intracellular enzymes. is a summary diagram of events that occur in a macrophage. bacteria $ % & ' ( ) * + - Name the process at A. Name the stages of protein synthesis that occur at E and at F. E F Name organelles B, G, H and J. B G H J Describe what happens to the bacteria between C and D. Macrophages are antigen presenting cells (APCs). Antigens from pathogens such as the bacteria shown in are presented to helper T-lymphocytes as shown in . helper T-lymphocyte antigen T cell receptor APC Very few helper T-lymphocytes respond to the presence of APCs by binding in the way shown in . Suggest why this is so.
11. Immunity  →  11.1. The immune system
3. Enzymes  →  3.1. Mode of action of enzymes
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3
A student studied a transverse section of the trachea of a small mammal. The student drew a plan diagram of the section as shown in . is a photomicrograph of the area labelled M in . VPRRWK PXVFOH Name: the type of epithelium at N the structures at O the tissue at P. Smooth muscle in the trachea and in the bronchi relaxes during strenuous exercise. Suggest the advantages of relaxing this smooth muscle during periods of strenuous exercise. The walls of the trachea and bronchi contain elastic fibres. Elastic fibres are made of bundles of the fibrous protein elastin. • Each molecule of elastin is a single polypeptide. • The primary structure contains a large proportion of the amino acid glycine. • Glycine has a hydrophobic R group. • Glycine does not occur at regular intervals in the polypeptide. • The polypeptide forms random coils that change shape as the elastic fibres are stretched and recoil. • Elastin molecules are joined to each other by many covalent bonds to form a cross-linked network. Describe two ways in which the structure of a collagen molecule differs from the structure of an elastin molecule described above.
2. Biological molecules  →  2.3. Proteins
9. Gas exchange  →  9.1. The gas exchange system
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4
Transpiration is often described as ‘an inevitable consequence of gas exchange in leaves’. Explain what is meant by this description. Explain how hydrogen bonding is involved in the movement of water in the xylem. Southern beech trees of the genus Nothofagus grow in forests in the South Island of New Zealand. shows a small part of a forest. Most of the trees in the forests form a thick canopy of leaves. These are known as canopy trees. The tallest trees are known as emergent trees. Some trees do not reach the canopy and are known as suppressed trees. emergent tree canopy trees suppressed tree Use A to compare the transpiration rates of the emergent, canopy and suppressed trees in the forest over 14 hours. The factors that affect transpiration rate vary considerably at different places inside forests. Use the information in and to suggest reasons for the difference in the transpiration rates of the emergent and suppressed trees.
7. Transport in plants  →  7.2. Transport mechanisms
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5
is a diagram of part of an animal cell in a stage of mitosis. spindle fibres Draw a diagram in the space below to show the stage of mitosis that follows the stage in . Describe the roles of the spindle fibres during mitosis. Bone marrow contains many stem cells. Some of these stem cells are responsible for the replacement of red blood cells. During the production of red blood cells a series of changes occur to the cell structure. shows the production of a red blood cell from one of these stem cells. stem cell many mitotic divisions many mitotic divisions final changes in cell structure mature red blood cell cell Suggest what may happen to cell Y. People who travel to high altitude become acclimatised to the conditions. Athletes often train at high altitude before competing at sea level. A group of male and female athletes who trained at sea level moved to high altitude for further training. Sports scientists analysed blood samples taken from the athletes to measure any changes in the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood and changes in the haematocrit. Haematocrit is the volume of red blood cells expressed as a percentage of the total volume of a sample of blood. The results are shown in Table 5.1. Table 5.1 feature of the blood at sea level after 19 days at high altitude percentage increase mean concentration of haemoglobin in the blood / g 100 cm–3 13.3 15.1 mean haematocrit 41.0 42.5 3.7 Complete Table 5.1 by calculating the percentage increase in haemoglobin concentration. Explain why it is necessary for the athletes to increase the concentration of haemoglobin in their blood when acclimatising to high altitude.
5. The mitotic cell cycle  →  5.1. Replication and division of nuclei and cells
8. Transport in mammals  →  8.2. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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