9701_m24_qp_22 - revisedeck

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Bismuth is an element in Group 15 of the Periodic Table. Bismuth has metallic bonding. Draw a labelled diagram to show the metallic bonding in bismuth. Bismuth reduces water to form bismuth oxide, Bi2O3. A colourless gas that ignites with a squeaky pop also forms. Construct an equation for the reduction of water by bismuth. Bi2O3 is a yellow insoluble solid that melts at 1090 K. The molten compound conducts electricity. Deduce the structure and bonding of Bi2O3. Explain your answer. Bi2O3 can be used to form NaBiO3, as shown in equation 1. equation 1 Na2O + Bi2O3 + O2 2NaBiO3 Deduce the oxidation number of Bi in Bi2O3 and in NaBiO3. oxidation number of Bi: in Bi2O3 in NaBiO3 Identify the reducing agent in equation 1. NaBiO3 is an oxidising agent with similar properties to KMnO4. shows an example of the use of NaBiO3 as an oxidising agent. OH OH NaBiO3 O O H + X Y Z Explain the term oxidising agent. Compound X forms when methylbut-2-ene reacts with KMnO4. State the essential conditions for this reaction. Complete Table 1.1 to show what is observed when compounds Y and Z react separately with the named reagents. Table 1.1 reagent observation with Y observation with Z Na2CO3no reaction alkaline I22,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) Tollens’ reagent Construct an equation for the reaction of Z with NaBH4. Use [H] to represent an atom of hydrogen from the reducing agent. NaBiO3 can be used to determine the concentration of Mn2+. The ionic equation for the reaction is shown in equation 2. equation 2 2Mn2+ + 5BiO3 – + 14H+ 2MnO4 – + 5Bi3+ + 7H2O A student uses the following procedure in an experiment. • Add 100.0 cm3 of a saturated solution of Mn2+to a volumetric flask. • Add distilled water to the flask to make a 1.00 dm3 diluted solution. • Titrate a 25.00 cm3 sample of the diluted solution with 0.100 mol dm–3 NaBiO3. The 25.00 cm3 sample of the diluted solution of Mn2+reacts completely with exactly 21.50 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 NaBiO3. Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of Mn2+in the saturated solution. Show your working. concentration of Mn2+in the saturated solution = mol dm–3

10. Group 2 → 10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds

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Chlorine, Cl 2, reacts with many elements and compounds to form chlorides. Table 2.1 shows information about some chlorides of Period 3 elements. Table 2.1 Na Mg Si formula of chloride structure of chloride giant bonding of chloride covalent pH of solution formed on addition of chloride to water 6.2 Complete Table 2.1. When Cl 2 reacts with cold NaOH, Cl 2 is both oxidised and reduced. The products are NaCl, water and G. State the type of redox reaction in which the same species is both oxidised and reduced. Identify G. Write an equation for the reaction between Cl2 and hot NaOH. Describe fully what is observed when AgNO3is added to the aqueous solution of the chloride of sodium, followed by dilute NH3. An excess of Cl 2 reacts with phosphorus to form PCl 5. PCl 5 is a simple molecule in the gas phase. It also exists in a solid form as two ions, PCl4 + and PCl 6 –. Complete Table 2.2 to identify the shapes of each of these species. Table 2.2 species PCl5 PCl4 + PCl6 – shape tetrahedral PCl5 reacts with J to form H3PO4. Identify J and state the type of reaction. J type of reaction Cl 2 reacts readily with propene to form K, 1,2-dichloropropane. K can be used to form L. Cl2 Cl Cl Cl propene K L reaction 1 reaction 2 Complete to show the mechanism for the reaction of Cl 2 with propene in reaction 1. Include charges, dipoles, lone pairs of electrons and curly arrows, as appropriate. C H H H CH3 C C C CH3 H H H Cl Cl Cl Cl Identify the reagent and conditions for reaction 2. Draw one repeat unit of the addition polymer that forms from L.

9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity → 9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3

11. Group 17 → 11.4. The reactions of chlorine

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Nitrogen, N2, is generally an unreactive molecule but it does react under certain conditions. Give two reasons to explain the lack of reactivity of nitrogen. N2 can react with oxygen in an internal combustion engine to form a mixture of NO and NO2. shows a reaction scheme involving N2. reaction 1 reaction 2 reaction 3 N2 NO and NO2 products peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) O2 H2O unburned hydrocarbons NO2 NO2 Write an equation to show the formation of a mixture of NO and NO2 in reaction 1. Give the formulae of the products of reaction 2. State one environmental consequence of reaction 3. The Haber process involves the reaction of N2 and H2 to form ammonia, NH3. A catalyst is used, which allows the process to be carried out at a lower temperature and pressure. N2+ 3H22NH3ΔH = –92 kJ mol–1 Use the information in to complete Table 3.1. Table 3.1 compound enthalpy change of formation, ΔHf / kJ mol–1 N2 H2 NH3 Explain how the presence of a catalyst affects the reaction. State and explain the effect, if any, on the rate of the Haber process as the pressure is lowered. The N2F2 molecule has a double covalent bond between its nitrogen atoms. This consists of a σ and a π bond. Complete to show the dot-and-cross diagram for N2F2. Show outer electrons only. F N N F Deduce the hybridisation of the N atoms in N2F2. Draw a diagram of the π bond between the N atoms in N2F2 and describe how it forms.

12. Nitrogen and sulfur → 12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur

7. Equilibria → 7.1. Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium

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Compound S is used in food flavourings. A possible synthesis of S is shown in . CN HBr reaction 1 KCN in ethanol reaction 2 H+reaction 3 P R COOH S Q P, Q, R and S show stereoisomerism. Complete Table 4.1 by identifying with a tick (3) the type of stereoisomerism that each molecule shows. The type of stereoisomerism shown by Q is given. Table 4.1 P Q R S geometrical isomerism optical isomerism Give the structural formula of Q. Name the mechanism in reaction 2. Complete the equation for reaction 3. R is represented as C4H9CN. C4H9CN + Compounds S and T react to form organic compound U, which has a single functional group. COOH S + + H2O T U Table 4.2 shows some data from the mass spectrum of U. Table 4.2 peak relative abundance M+ 7.2 [M+1]+ 0.55 Use the data from Table 4.2 to show that U contains 7 carbon atoms. Show your working. shows the infrared spectrum of U. wavenumber / cm–1 transmittance / % Table 4.3 bond functional groups containing the bond characteristic infrared absorption range (in wavenumbers) / cm–1 C–O hydroxy, ester 1040–1300 C=C aromatic compound, alkene 1500–1680 C=O amide carbonyl, carboxyl ester 1640–1690 1670–1740 1710–1750 C≡N nitrile 2200–2250 C–H alkane 2850–2950 N–H amine, amide 3300–3500 O–H carboxyl hydroxy 2500–3000 3200–3650 Use and Table 4.3 to identify the functional group present in U. Explain your answer fully. functional group explanation T also has a single functional group. Use the information in and your answer to to identify T and U. Draw the structures of T and U in the boxes. T U

22. Analytical techniques → 22.1. Infrared spectroscopy

21. Organic synthesis → 21.1. Organic synthesis

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry → 13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds

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