9701_s17_qp_23
A paper of Chemistry, 9701
Questions:
4
Year:
2017
Paper:
2
Variant:
3
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1
Combustion data can be used to calculate the empirical formula, molecular formula and relative molecular mass of many organic compounds. Combustion data cannot distinguish between different structural isomers. Define the term structural isomers. P is a hydrocarbon, CxHy. A gaseous sample of P occupied a volume of 25 cm3 at 37 °C and 100 kPa. The sample was completely burned in 200 cm3 of oxygen (an excess). The final volume, measured under the same conditions as the gaseous sample (so that the water produced is liquid and its volume can be ignored), was 150 cm3. Treating the remaining gaseous mixture with concentrated alkali, to absorb carbondioxide, decreased the volume to 50 cm3. The equation for the complete combustion of P can be represented as shown. CxHy + (x + y 4)O2 xCO2 + y 2H2O Use the data given to calculate the value of x. x = Use the data given to calculate the value of (x + y 4). (x + y 4) = If you were unable to calculate values in and then use the data in this box for the remaining parts of this question. These are not the correct values. x = 6 (x + y 4) = 9 Give the molecular formula and the empirical formula of P. molecular formula of P empirical formula of P P is unbranched. Give the skeletal formulae for two possible structures of P that are positional isomers of each other. Use the general gas equation to calculate the mass of P present in the original 25 cm3 gaseous sample, which was measured at 37 °C and 100 kPa. Give your answer to three significant figures. mass = g
2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.3. Formulas
2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.4. Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)
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2
The halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine, and their compounds, show a variety of similarities and trends in their physical and chemical properties. Give the colours and states of chlorine, bromine and iodine at room temperature and pressure. halogen colour state chlorine bromine iodine The halogens become less volatile down the group. Explain this trend in volatility. The halogens are oxidising agents. State and explain the trend in oxidising power of the halogens. Concentrated sulfuric acid reacts with solid sodium halides. State any observations that would be made on addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to ● solid sodium chloride, ● solid sodium iodide. Give reasons for the difference in the observations in . The addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to solid sodium bromide, NaBr, produces brown fumes and an acidic gas that decolourises acidified potassium manganate(solution. This acidic gas is a significant contributor to acid rain. Write the equation for the reaction of concentrated sulfuricacid with sodiumbromide. An aqueous solution, Z, contains a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium iodide. Excess aqueous silver nitrate is added to Z in a test-tube. A yellow precipitate forms. Explain the colour of this precipitate. Aqueous ammonia is then added to the test-tube in . The mass of precipitate decreases. Explain this observation.
11. Group 17  →  11.2. The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides
11. Group 17  →  11.1. Physical properties of the Group 17 elements
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3
Sulfur trioxide, SO3, is manufactured from sulfur dioxide and oxygen by the Contact process. 2SO2+ O22SO3ΔH = –196.0 kJ mol–1 The enthalpy change of formation of SO2, ΔHf SO2, is –296.8 kJ mol–1. Define the term enthalpy change of formation. Use the data to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of SO3. ΔHf SO3= kJ mol–1 The Contact process is usually carried out at a temperature of approximately 700 K, a pressure of approximately 150 kPa and in the presence of a vanadium(oxide catalyst, V2O5. The Boltzmann distribution for a mixture of SO2 and O2 at 700 K is shown. Eacat represents the activation energy for the reaction in the presence of the catalyst. proportion of molecules with a given energy molecular energy Eacat Add a labelled mark, Eauncat, to the diagram to indicate the activation energy in the absence of the catalyst. State the benefit of using a catalyst in this reaction. Explain how it achieves this effect. State and explain how an increase in pressure would affect both the rate of reaction and the yield of SO3 in the Contact process. rate yield At a pressure of 1.50 × 105 Pa, 1.00 mol of sulfur dioxide gas, SO2, was mixed with 1.00 mol of oxygen gas, O2. The final equilibrium mixture formed was found to contain 0.505 mol of O2. 2SO2+ O22SO3Calculate the amount, in mol, of SO2 and SO3 in the equilibrium mixture. SO2 = mol SO3 = mol Calculate the partial pressure of oxygen gas, pO2, in the equilibrium mixture. pO2 = Pa In another equilibrium mixture formed from different starting amounts of SO2 and O2, the partial pressures of SO2, O2 and SO3 were as shown. pSO2 = 8.42 × 102 Pa pO2 = 6.00 × 104 Pa pSO3 = 9.10 × 104 Pa Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the production of SO3 from SO2 and O2. Kp = Calculate the value of Kp for this reaction and state the units. Kp = units =
8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.2. Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy
8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.3. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
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4
A, B and C all have the formula C4H8. They all decolourise bromine and are structural isomers of each other. State the name of the process by which A, B and C could be obtained from C10H22. Draw the structures of these three structural isomers. Only A shows geometrical isomerism. Explain the meaning of the term geometrical isomerism. Draw the displayed formula of A and use it to show the mechanism of the reaction of A with HBr. Include all necessary charges, dipoles, lone pairs and curly arrows. B does not show geometrical isomerism. B reacts with HBr to form a mixture of two structural isomers, X and Y. B + HBr X (has a chiral centre and is produced in higher yield than Y) Y (does not have a chiral centre) State the meaning of the term chiral centre. Name B. X exists as a pair of optical isomers. Draw these isomers using the conventional three-dimensional representation. Explain why X is produced in higher yield than Y. C does not show geometrical isomerism. C reacts with HBr to form a mixture of two structural isomers, neither of which has a chiral centre. Name C. Draw the displayed formula of each of the structural isomers produced by the reaction of C with HBr.
13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.4. Isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism
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