9701_s11_qp_41
A paper of Chemistry, 9701
Questions:
9
Year:
2011
Paper:
4
Variant:
1
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1
Taken together, nitrogen and oxygen make up 99% of the air. Oxygen is by far the more reactive of the two gases, and most of the substances that react with air combine with the oxygen rather than with the nitrogen. State one reason why the molecule of nitrogen, N2, is so unreactive. Despite the apparent lack of reactivity of N2, nitrogen atoms have been found to form bonds with almost all of the elements in the Periodic Table. Lithium metal reacts with nitrogen gas at room temperature to give lithium nitride, Li3N. Magnesium produces magnesium nitride, Mg3N2, as well as magnesium oxide, when heated in air. Calculate the lattice energy of magnesium nitride using the following data, in addition to relevant data from the Data Booklet. enthalpy change value/kJ mol–1 atomisation of Mg+148 total of electron affinities for the change NN3–+2148 enthalpy of formation of Mg3N2–461 lattice energy = kJ mol–1 For Examiner’s Use Lithium reacts readily with nitrogen, and because of this Li3N has been considered as a possible intermediate in the ‘fixing’ of nitrogen to make ammonia-based fertilisers. + Li + H2O N2Li3N NH3 + A Construct an equation for the reaction between Li3N and H2O, and hence identify compound A. Using your knowledge of the Haber process, consider one advantage and one disadvantage of using lithium as a means of fixing nitrogen, rather than the Haber process. advantage of the lithium method disadvantage of the lithium method Another possible advantage of Li3N is that it contains a large percentage by mass of nitrogen. Another fertiliser that contains a large percentage by mass of nitrogen is urea, NH2CONH2. Calculate and compare the percentages by mass of nitrogen in Li3N and NH2CONH2. What class of organic compound is urea? Write an equation for the production of ammonia by the reaction between urea and water. Urea can be applied directly to the soil either before or during the growing of crops. What would be a major disadvantage of using lithium nitride in this way?
12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur
10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds
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For Examiner’s Use State briefly what is meant by the following terms. reversible reaction dynamic equilibrium Water ionises to a small extent as follows. H2OH++ OH–ΔH = +58 kJ mol–1 Write an expression for Kc for this reaction. Write down the expression for Kw, the ionic product of water, and explain how this can be derived from your Kc expression in . State and explain how the value of Kw for hot water will differ from its value for cold water. Kw can be used to calculate the pH of solutions of strong and weak bases. Use the value of Kw in the Data Booklet to calculate the pH of 0.050 mol dm–3 NaOH. pH = Ammonia ionises slightly in water as follows. NH3+ H2ONH4 ++ OH–The following expression applies to this equilibrium. [H2O] × Kc= [NH4 +][OH–] / [NH3] = 1.8 × 10–5 mol dm–3 For Examiner’s Use Calculate [OH–] in a 0.050 mol dm–3 solution of NH3. You may assume that only a small fraction of the NH3 ionises, so that [NH3] at equilibrium remains at 0.050 mol dm–3. [OH–] = Use the value of Kw in the Data Booklet, and your answer in , to calculate [H+] in 0.050 mol dm–3 NH3. [H+] = Calculate the pH of this solution. pH =
7. Equilibria  →  7.2. Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases
7. Equilibria  →  7.1. Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium
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For Examiner’s Use State and explain the variation in the oxidation numbers of the chlorides of the elements Na, Mg, Al and Si. Describe the reaction of phosphorus(chloride with water, and write an equation for the reaction. When microwave radiation is passed through phosphorus(chloride, PCl3, at low pressure, a new chloride of phosphorus, B, is formed. B contains 69.6% by mass of chlorine and 30.4% by mass of phosphorus, and its Mr is approximately 200. Calculate the empirical and molecular formulae of B. Assuming phosphorus and chlorine show their typical valencies, draw the displayed formula of B, showing all bonds and lone pairs. Calculate the oxidation number of phosphorus in B. One mole of B reacts with four moles of water. Suggest the structure of the phosphorus-containing product of this reaction.
9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
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For Examiner’s Use The combustion of fuels in motor vehicles, trains, aeroplanes and power stations produces the pollutant gas NO2. Write an equation to show how NO2 is formed in these situations. How is the NO2 removed from the exhaust gases of motor vehicles? Write an equation for this process. Suggest whether the production of the pollutant NO2 would be reduced if fossil fuels were replaced by hydrogen as a fuel for combustion. Explain your answer. In the atmosphere, NO2 acts as a catalyst for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3. NO2 SO2+ ½ O2SO3What is the environmental significance of this reaction? The oxidation takes place in two steps. The initial reaction is that between NO2 and SO2. reaction 1 NO2+ SO2NO+ SO3ΔH = –168 kJ mol–1 Write an equation to show how the NO2 is regenerated in the second step of the oxidation. Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp for reaction 1, stating its units. Kp = units If equal amounts of NO2and SO2are allowed to react at room temperature, it is found that 99.8% of the gases have been converted into products at equilibrium. Calculate a value for Kp. Kp = For Examiner’s Use The temperature of the atmosphere decreases with height. How will this affect the position of the equilibrium in reaction 1? Explain your answer.
12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.1. Alkanes
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For Examiner’s Use There are several ways of introducing chlorine atoms into organic molecules. State the reagents and conditions necessary to carry out the following transformations. transformation reagents + conditions C2H4 C2H5Cl C2H5OH C2H5Cl C2H6 C2H5Cl C2H4 C2H4Cl2 CH3CO2H CH3COCl CH3 CH3 Cl CH3 CH2Cl When treated with concentrated HNO3 + H2SO4 at 55 °C, benzene produces nitrobenzene. Outline the mechanism of this reaction. You should include all charges, and use curly arrows to represent the movement of electron pairs. For Examiner’s Use In aromatic substitution of monosubstituted benzenes, the orientation of an incoming group depends on the nature of the group already attached to the ring. For example, using the same reagents and conditions as in , methylbenzene and benzoic acid produce the following nitro compounds. CH3 CO2H NO2 CO2H NO2 methylbenzene benzoic acid CH3 Using this information as an aid, suggest a structure for compound C in the following synthesis of 3-bromobenzoic acid. CH3 step 1 step 2 C Br CO2H Suggest reagents and conditions for steps 1 and 2. step 1 step 2
21. Organic synthesis  →  21.1. Organic synthesis
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For Examiner’s Use The reaction producing tri-iodomethane can be used as a test for the presence of certain groups within a molecule. State the reagents and conditions used for this reaction. Write the structural formula of one functional group that would give a positive result with this iodoform reaction. What do you observe in a positive test? In the following table place a tick (✓) in the column against each compound that would give a positive result with this test, and a cross (✗) against each compound that would give a negative result. compound result CH3OH CH3CH2OH CH3CHO CH3CO2H CHO COCH3 For Examiner’s Use The iodoform test can be used, along with other reactions, to work out the structures of unknown compounds. Use the information in the table below to deduce the structures of the compounds in the following scheme, and draw these structures in the boxes provided. hot concentrated acidified KMnO4 C7H12O C3H6O + C4H6O3 D E F Results of tests (✓ indicates a positive result; ✗ indicates a negative result) test results of tests with each compound D E F iodoform ✗ ✓ ✓ Fehling’s solution ✓ ✗ ✗ 2,4-dinitrophenyl- hydrazine reagent ✓ ✓ ✓ Na2CO3✗ ✗ ✓ structures D(C7H12O) E(C3H6O) F(C4H6O3) Treatment of compound F with NaBH4 gives compound G, C4H8O3. Heating G with Al2O3 gives a mixture of three isomeric unsaturated carboxylic acids H, J and K, C4H6O2, two of which are stereoisomers of each other. Suggest structures for G, H, J, and K, and name the type of stereoisomerism shown. G Al2O3 H + J + K type of stereoisomerism
17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones
13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
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Enzymes are a special group of protein molecules present in large amounts in living organisms. Enzymes behave as catalysts but, unlike inorganic catalysts, they generally catalyse only one particular reaction. Inorganic catalysts often work better on heating, but enzymes rarely work at temperatures much above 45°C. Explain why this is the case. Using the shape below to represent an enzyme, sketch how an enzyme is specific to the breakdown of a particular substrate molecule enzyme + substrate enzyme-substrate complex enzyme + products For Examiner’s Use Describe the effects of a competitive, and of a non-competitive inhibitor on the interaction between enzyme and substrate. The diagram shown illustrates an enzyme-catalysed reaction. On the diagram sketch the graph that would be obtained if the same reaction was carried out in the presence of a non-competitive inhibitor. concentration of substrate / mol dm–3 initial reaction rate / mol dm–3 s–1 Explain why a non-competitive inhibitor has this effect on the reaction.
8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.3. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts
8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.2. Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy
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For Examiner’s Use Chromatography is an important analytical technique in chemistry. There is a number of techniques under the general heading of chromatography. Paper and gas chromatography rely on partition to separate the components in a mixture, whereas thin-layer chromatography uses adsorption. Explain what is meant by partition and adsorption, in the context of chromatography. partition adsorption In paper or thin-layer chromatography, better separation may be achieved by running the chromatogram in one solvent, then turning the paper at right angles and running it in a second solvent. The chromatogram below was produced in this way. X solvent 2 sample applied here solvent 1 Ring the spot which was insoluble in solvent 1. Label as A and B the spots which were not resolved using solvent 1. For Examiner’s Use The mass spectrum shown was obtained from a compound of formula CpHqX, where X represents a halogen atom. relative intensity 100 110 120 130 m / e R Deduce the identity of X, giving a reason. X is If the relative heights of the M and M+1 peaks are 9 and 0.3 respectively, calculate the value of p. Use this value and the m / e value of the molecular ion to calculate the value of q, and hence the molecular formula of the compound. Show your working. Suggest a formula for the ion responsible for the peak labelled R. In the fragmentation of alcohols which occurs in a mass spectrometer, small stable, neutral molecules are sometimes produced. Suggest the identity of two such molecules, each with an Mr less than 30.
22. Analytical techniques  →  22.2. Mass spectrometry
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For Examiner’s Use In today’s world, many traditional materials have been replaced by different sorts of polymers. This includes rigid polymers such as those used in car bodies to replace steel and flexible polymers like those used in textiles to replace cotton or wool. To form a polymer, what is the minimum number of functional groups that the monomer must possess? Illustrate your answer to with the structure of a possible monomer. State two differences between addition and condensation polymerisation. The polymer formed from the co-polymerisation of the two monomers shown is known as Terylene. C benzene-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid ethane-1-2-diol CH2 H2C C O HO HO OH OH O The two monomers react by condensation polymerisation. What other molecule is formed in this reaction? For Examiner’s Use Draw the structure of one repeat unit of Terylene. What is the name given to polymers containing the same functional group as Terylene? The monomers ethene and but-1-ene can also co-polymerise to form a polyalkene, but this does not produce a regular alternating structure like Terylene. Explain why this is the case, drawing diagrams if you wish.
20. Polymerisation  →  20.1. Addition polymerisation
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes
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