9701_s13_qp_43
A paper of Chemistry, 9701
Questions:
8
Year:
2013
Paper:
4
Variant:
3
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1
What is meant by the term standard electrode potential, SEP? Draw a fully labelled diagram of the apparatus you could use to measure the SEP of the Fe3+ / Fe2+ electrode. The reaction between Fe3+ ions and I– ions is an equilibrium reaction. 2Fe3++ 2I–2Fe2++ I2Use the Data Booklet to calculate the for this reaction. Hence state, with a reason, whether there will be more products or more reactants at equilibrium. Write the expression for Kc for this reaction, and state its units. Kc = units For Examiner’s Use An experiment was carried out using solutions of Fe3+and I–of equal concentrations. 100 cm3 of each solution were mixed together, and allowed to reach equilibrium. The concentrations at equilibrium of Fe3+and I2were as follows. [Fe3+] = 2.0 × 10–4 mol dm–3 [I2] = 1.0 × 10–2 mol dm–3 Use these data, together with the equation given in , to calculate the concentrations of Fe2+and I–at equilibrium. [Fe2+] = mol dm–3 [I–] = mol dm–3 Calculate the Kc for this reaction. Kc =
7. Equilibria  →  7.1. Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium
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For Examiner’s Use Ethyl ethanoate is hydrolysed slowly by water in the following acid-catalysed reaction. H+ CH3CO2CH2CH3 + H2O CH3CO2H + CH3CH2OH The concentration of ethyl ethanoate was determined at regular time intervals as the reaction progressed. Two separate experiments were carried out, with different HCl concentrations. The following graph shows the results of an experiment using [HCl ] = 0.1 mol dm–3. 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 time / min [CH3CO2CH2CH3] / mol dm–3 When the experiment was carried out using [HCl ] = 0.2 mol dm–3, the following results were obtained. time / min [CH3CO2CH2CH3] / mol dm–3 0.200 0.160 0.115 0.067 0.038 0.022 0.013 Plot these data on the axes above, and draw a line of best fi t. For Examiner’s Use Use one of the graphs to show that the reaction is fi rst order with respect to CH3CO2CH2CH3. Show all your working, and show clearly any construction lines you draw on the graphs. Use the graphs to calculate the order of reaction with respect to HCl. Show all your working, and show clearly any construction lines you draw on the graphs. Write the rate equation for this reaction, and calculate the value of the rate constant. rate = Why is it not possible to determine the order of reaction with respect to water in this experiment? Although [CH3CO2CH2CH3] decreases during each experiment, [HCl ] remains the same as its initial value. Why is this?
8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.1. Rate of reaction
11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine
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For Examiner’s Use What is meant by the density of a substance? Use data from the Data Booklet to explain why the density of iron is greater than that of calcium. In general, reactions of the compounds of transition elements can be classifi ed under one or more of the following headings. acid-base ligand exchange precipitation redox Choose the most suitable heading to describe each of the following reactions, by placing a tick ( ) in the appropriate column in the table below. Only one tick should be placed against each reaction. reaction acid-base ligand exchange precipitation redox [Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4NH3 → [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 6H2O [Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4HCl → [CuCl 4]2– + 4H+ + 6H2O 2FeCl 2 + Cl 2 → 2FeCl 3 [Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2OH– → Fe(OH)2 + 6H2O 2Fe(OH)2 + ½O2 + H2O → 2Fe(OH)3 CrO3 + 2HCl → CrO2Cl 2 + H2O Cr(H2O)3(OH)3 + OH– → [Cr(H2O)2(OH)4]– + H2O [Cr(OH)4]– + 1½H2O2 + OH– → CrO4 2– + 4H2O  For Examiner’s Use Alloys of aluminium, titanium and vanadium are used in aerospace and marine equipment, and in medicine. When a powdered sample of one such alloy is heated with an excess of aqueous NaOH, only the aluminium reacts, according to the following equation. 2Al + 2OH–+ 6H2O→ 2[Al (OH)4]–+ 3H2Reacting 100 g of alloy in this way produced 8.0 dm3 of hydrogen, measured under room conditions. Calculate the percentage by mass of aluminium in the alloy. percentage = %
10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds
9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
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For Examiner’s Use Because of the lack of reactivity of the nitrogen molecule, extreme conditions need to be used to synthesise ammonia from nitrogen in the Haber process. Suggest an explanation for the lack of reactivity of the nitrogen molecule, N2. Under conditions of high temperature, nitrogen and oxygen react together to give oxides of nitrogen. Write an equation for a possible reaction between nitrogen and oxygen. State two situations, one natural and one as a result of human activities, in which nitrogen and oxygen react together. What is the main environmental effect of the presence of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere? Describe and explain how the basicities of ethylamine and phenylamine compare to that of ammonia. For Examiner’s Use Compound X is a useful intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. X can be synthesised from chloromethylbenzene according to the following scheme. T W step 1 step 3 step 4 step 5 X CH2Cl step 2 CH2CN CH2CH2NH CH2 CH2CO2H O C What type of reaction is each of the following? step 1 step 2 Suggest reagents and conditions for step 1, step 2. Draw the structures of the intermediates T and W in the boxes above.
12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur
21. Organic synthesis  →  21.1. Organic synthesis
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For Examiner’s Use A series of experiments is carried out in which the reagent shown at the top of the column of the table is mixed, in turn, with each of the reagents at the side. Complete the following table by writing in each box the formula of any gas produced. Write x in the box if no gas is produced. The fi rst column has been completed as an illustration. H2O OH CO2H OH Na H2 KOHx Na2CO3x Compound C is responsible for the pleasant aroma of apples. It can be prepared from phenol by the following 3-step synthesis. OH OH C A CH3 H3C CH3 step OH C B CH3 H3C CH3 step O O C C CH3 CH3 H3C CH3 step The only by-product of step 1 is HCl. Suggest the reagent that was used to react with phenol to produce compound A. What type of reaction is occurring in step 2? What reagents and conditions are required for step 3? State the reagent and conditions needed to convert C back to B, the reverse of step 3. For Examiner’s Use Either compound A or compound B, or both, react with the following reagents. For each reagent draw the structure of the organic product formed with A, and with B. If no reaction occurs, write ‘no reaction’ in the relevant box. reagent and conditions product with A product with B an excess of Br2heat with HBr pass vapour over heated Al 2O3 heat with acidifi ed K2Cr2O7 Choose one of the above reactions to enable you to distinguish between A and B. State below the observations you would make with each compound. reagent observation with A observation with B
21. Organic synthesis  →  21.1. Organic synthesis
15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.1. Alkanes
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There are two important polymerisations that occur within living organisms – protein synthesis and the formation of DNA. Complete the table placing a tick ( ) in the correct column to indicate in which process each substance could be used. substance protein synthesis formation of DNA adenine alanine aspartate phosphate Proteins and DNA form different helical structures. Briefl y describe the bonding that maintains the shape of each of these helical structures. protein DNA Describe the differences in bonding in the primary and tertiary structures of proteins. Your answer should include reference both to the nature of the bonding and the types of amino acid causing it. 
20. Polymerisation  →  20.1. Addition polymerisation
4. States of matter  →  4.2. Bonding and structure
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For Examiner’s Use Modern methods of analysis have had far-reaching effects on a number of branches of science including medicine, forensic science, environmental monitoring and archaeology. Outline, in simple terms, the technique of DNA fi ngerprinting. Complete the table by indicating whether the items can be used for DNA fi ngerprinting. Use a tick ( ) for items which can be used for DNA fi ngerprinting and a cross for items which cannot. item for testing suitable for DNA fi ngerprinting human hair piece of a fl int tool piece of Iron Age pot piece of Roman leather Various forms of chromatography can be used to separate and analyse mixtures. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) can be used to separate each of the following mixtures. State another method of chromatography which would separate each mixture. insecticides in a sample of water dyes present in a foodstuff drug residue in an athlete’s urine 
17. Carbonyl compounds  →  17.1. Aldehydes and ketones
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For Examiner’s Use In recent years there has been a lot of interest in polymers in the form of gels that absorb aqueous materials. One of the largest uses of these polymers is in disposable nappies . The gel which is used in this case is a polymer of propenoic acid. O OH propenoic acid Draw a section of the polymer of propenoic acid showing two repeat units. By what type of chemical reaction is this polymer formed? By what type of bonding is water held on the polymer? For some disposable nappies , the monomer is a mixture of propenoic acid and sodium propenoate. The properties of the polymer are infl uenced by the proportion of sodium salt in the monomer mixture. Suggest and explain how the difference in the structure of this polymer compared to one formed only from propenoic acid might affect the water absorbing properties of the polymer. Suggest a property the polymer should have in order to be used in disposable products. For Examiner’s Use A variation on the gel used for disposable nappies containing more sodium propenoate has been used to treat soils contaminated by heavy metals such as lead (Pb2+) and cadmium (Cd2+). Suggest why the gel is effective. Another variation on this type of polymer is used in hair gels. In these, the polymer chains are cross-linked by a compound known as pentaerythritol. OH OH HO HO pentaerythritol By what type of chemical reaction are the cross-links in this polymer formed? It is important that the gel should be easily washed out of hair. What is it about the structure of the polymer that allows this to happen?
20. Polymerisation  →  20.1. Addition polymerisation
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