9701_s18_qp_41
A paper of Chemistry, 9701
Questions:
9
Year:
2018
Paper:
4
Variant:
1
Login to start this paper & get access to powerful tools
1
Sodium oxide, Na2O, is a white crystalline solid with a high melting point. Write an equation for the reaction of sodium with oxygen, forming sodium oxide. Include state symbols. Explain why sodium oxide has a high melting point. When sodium oxide reacts with water an alkaline solution is obtained. Explain why the solution obtained is alkaline. You should use the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases in your answer. Calculate the pH of the solution obtained when 3.10 g of sodiumoxide are added to 400 cm3 of water. pH = Use the data below, and other suitable data from the Data Booklet, to calculate the lattice energy of sodium oxide, Na2O. energy change value / kJ mol–1 standard enthalpy change of formation of sodium oxide, Na2O– 416 standard enthalpy change of atomisation of sodium, Na+109 electron affinity of O–142 electron affinity of O–+844 Na2O= kJ mol–1 State how Na2Sdiffers from Na2O. Indicate this by placing a tick () in the appropriate box in the table. Na2Sis more exothermic than Na2ONa2Sis the same as Na2ONa2Sis less exothermic than Na2OExplain your answer. 
9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine
Open
2
Nitrogenmonoxide, NO, reacts with hydrogen, H2, under certain conditions. 2NO+ 2H2N2+ 2H2ODefine the term rate of reaction. Identify a change in the reaction mixture that would enable the rate of this reaction to be studied. The rate equation for this reaction is given. rate = k [NO]2[H2] The result of an experiment in which NO reacted with H2 is shown in the table. initial [NO] / mol dm–3 initial [H2] / mol dm–3 initial rate of reaction / mol dm–3 s–1 2.50 × 10–3 2.50 × 10–3 1.27 × 10–3 Use the data and the rate equation to calculate a value for the rate constant k. Give the units of k. k = units = A second experiment is performed at the same temperature. The initial concentration of H2is 4.60×10–3 mol dm–3. The initial rate of the reaction is 2.31×10–3 mol dm–3 s–1. Calculate the initial concentration of NO. initial concentration of NO= mol dm–3 State the order of the reaction with respect to NOand with respect to H2, and the overall order of the reaction. [NO] [H2] overall order The reaction is believed to proceed in three steps. 2NO N2O2 N2O2 + H2 N2O + H2O N2O + H2 N2 + H2O Deduce which of the three steps is the rate-determining step. Explain your answer to . A third experiment is performed under different conditions. A small amount of H2of concentration 0.0200 mol dm–3 is mixed with a large excess of NO. The concentration of H2is found to have a constant half-life of 2.00seconds under the conditions used. Define the term half-life. Use the axes below to construct a graph of the variation in the concentration of H2during the first 6seconds under the conditions used. 0.02 0.01 time / s [H2] / mol dm–3 NOacts as a catalyst in the oxidation of atmospheric sulfurdioxide. Give two equations to describe how NOacts as a catalyst in this process. equation 1 equation 2 Explain why NOcan be described as a catalyst in this reaction. Describe, with the aid of an equation, an environmental consequence of the oxidation of atmospheric sulfurdioxide.
8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.1. Rate of reaction
12. Nitrogen and sulfur  →  12.1. Nitrogen and sulfur
Open
3
Complete the table, identifying the substance liberated at each electrode during electrolysis with inert electrodes. electrolyte substance liberated at the anode substance liberated at the cathode AgNO3concentrated NaCl CuSO4 Molten calcium iodide, CaI2, is electrolysed in an inert atmosphere with inert electrodes. Write ionic equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes. ● ● The electrolysis of molten CaI2 is a redox process. Identify the ion that is oxidised and the ion that is reduced, explaining your answer by reference to oxidation numbers. Describe two visual observations that would be made during this electrolysis. An oxide of iron dissolved in an inert solvent is electrolysed for 2.00hours using a current of 0.800 A. The electrolysis products are iron and oxygen. The mass of iron produced is 1.11 g. Calculate the oxidation number of Fe in the oxide of iron. Show all your working.  oxidation number of Fe =
6. Electrochemistry  →  6.1. Redox processes: electron transfer and changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)
Open
4
Describe what you would see when calcium and barium are heated separately with oxygen. calcium barium The decomposition temperatures of the Group2 carbonates vary down the group. State and explain the variation in the decomposition temperatures. Magnesiumcarbonate was heated in an open test‑tube. It was difficult to see whether a thermal decomposition reaction took place. Explain why.
10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds
Open
5
Copper is a transition element with atomic number 29. Complete the electronic configurations of a Cu atom and a Cu+ ion. Cu atom 1s22s22p6 Cu+ ion 1s22s22p6 Cu+ ions form a linear complex with Cl – ions, which are monodentate ligands. Draw the structure of this complex and include its overall charge. Cu2+ ions exist as [Cu(H2O)6]2+ complex ions in aqueous solution. Complete a three-dimensional diagram to show the shape of this complex. Name its shape. Label and state the value of one bond angle. Cu name of shape  When NH3is added to Cu2+, dropwise at first and then in excess, two chemical reactions occur as shown. [Cu(H2O)6]2+ A dropwise NH3reaction 1 B excess NH3reaction 2 For each reaction, describe what you would see and write an equation. reaction 1 observation equation reaction 2 observation equation EDTA4– is a polydentate ligand. When a solution of EDTA4– is added to a solution containing [Cu(H2O)6]2+ a new complex is formed. The formula of this complex is [CuEDTA]2–. Name the type of reaction occurring here. Write an expression for the stability constant, Kstab, of [CuEDTA]2– in this reaction. The numerical value of the Kstab of [CuEDTA]2– is 6.3×1019 at 298 K. State what this tells us about the [CuEDTA]2– complex ion. Ethanedioate ions, C2O4 2–, can act as a bidentate ligand. Explain what is meant by the term bidentate ligand. When ethanedioate ions are added to a solution of zirconium ions, Zr 4+, a complex ion containing four C2O4 2– ions and one Zr 4+ ion is formed. All four ethanedioate ions act as bidentate ligands in this complex. Give the formula of this complex ion and explain why this complex is not octahedral.
11. Group 17  →  11.3. Some reactions of the halide ions
2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.3. Formulas
Open
6
Benzene reacts with D in the presence of a suitable catalyst to give cumene and non-organic productE. This is an electrophilic substitution reaction. + D + E catalyst cumene Name the reactant D and the non-organic product E. D E Give the name of the type of aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction taking place. Cumene undergoes substitution reactions with chlorine to give several different isomeric products with the formula C9H11Cl. The substitution can occur in the aromatic ring or in the side‑chain of cumene. Describe the conditions that are used to ensure substitution takes place only in the aromaticring. Draw the structures of the two major isomeric products of the reaction, formula C9H11Cl, when substitution takes place in the aromatic ring. Describe the conditions that are used to ensure substitution takes place only in the side‑chain. Draw the structures of two isomeric products of the reaction, formula C9H11Cl, when substitution takes place in the side‑chain. Complete the following table to show the structures of the organic products formed when cumene reacts with each reagent. reagent structure of organic product hot KMnO4H2 + Ni, high pressure Cumene can be nitrated using a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids. The mechanism for this reaction is similar to the mechanism for the nitration of benzene. Complete the mechanism for this reaction. ● Include all relevant charges and curly arrows showing the movement of electron pairs. ● Draw the structure of the intermediate. ● You do not need to draw the products. cumene intermediate products
15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes
Open
7
The three substances shown all have some acidic properties. O phenol propan-1-ol C H H H H O C H H C propanoic acid C H H H C C H H H O O H H H Write an equation for the reaction between propan-1-ol and sodium metal. Give the order of the relative acidities of propanoic acid, propan‑1‑ol and phenol, stating the most acidic first. Explain your answer to . Methanoic acid, HCO2H, has a similar acid strength to propanoicacid. Describe a chemical test to distinguish between these two acids. Name the acid which gives a positive result in this test and describe the observations that would be made. The ester phenyl propanoate, C2H5CO2C6H5, can be made from phenol and propanoicacid in a two-step synthesis. The first step produces an acyl chloride. For this two-step synthesis, ● draw the structure of the product of the first step, ● state the reagents and conditions needed for each step of the synthesis. An unknown compound, Z, is propan‑1‑ol, propanal or propanoic acid. The proton NMR spectrum of Z dissolved in CDCl 3 is shown. δ / ppm –2 From the proton NMR spectrum, identify Z. State one feature that would be seen, and why, in the proton NMR spectra of each of the two compounds that are not Z.
7. Equilibria  →  7.2. Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes
Open
8
Abscisic acid, C15H20O4, is a plant hormone. abscisic acid, C15H20O4 OH O O OH On the diagram of abscisicacid, use an asterisk (*) to label each chiral carbon atom. Abscisic acid is reacted with an excess of NaBH4. Give the molecular formula of the organic product formed. If abscisic acid is treated with an excess of hot, concentrated, acidified KMnO4, three different carbon‑containing products are formed. Draw the skeletal formula of the carbon-containing product with the largest molecular mass. Identify the carbon‑containing product with the smallest molecular mass. Explain how this product arises. Identify the third carbon-containing product of this reaction by giving its displayed or structural formula.  
13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
7. Equilibria  →  7.2. Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases
Open
9
Noradrenaline is a hormone found in humans. HO NH2 OH HO noradrenaline Give the molecular formula of noradrenaline. State whether or not noradrenaline shows stereoisomerism. Explain your answer. HNO2is reacted at 5 °C with separate samples of noradrenaline and phenylamine. The reaction with phenylamine produces a stable diazonium ion. The reaction with noradrenaline produces an unstable diazonium ion. Suggest why the diazonium ion produced with phenylamine is stable. When one noradrenaline molecule reacts with one HNO2 molecule, the products are one water molecule, one molecule of an unreactive gas, and one molecule of an organic compound made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. Complete the chemical equation for this reaction. HO NH2 + HNO2 + + H2O OH HO  
13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.1. Formulas, functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry  →  13.4. Isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism
21. Organic synthesis  →  21.1. Organic synthesis
Open