9701_w07_qp_4
A paper of Chemistry, 9701
Questions:
10
Year:
2007
Paper:
4
Variant:
0
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1
Use the general formula of a carboxylic acid, RCO2H, to write equations to explain the following terms. Ka pKa The pKa values of four carboxylic acids are listed in the table below. acid formula of acid pKa CH3CH2CO2H 4.9 CH3CHCl CO2H 2.8 CH3CCl2CO2H 1.4 CH2Cl CH2CO2H 4.1 Describe and explain the trend in acid strength shown by acids 1, 2 and 3. Suggest an explanation for the difference in the pKa values for acids 2 and 4. Calculate the pH of a 0.010 mol dm–3 solution of propanoic acid (acid 1). Examiner’s Use A good way of making synthetic amino acids uses chloro-acids as intermediates. Cl2 + trace of P I CH3CH2CO2H CH3CH(NH2)CO2H alanine NH3II CH3CHCl CO2H Suggest the role that the trace of phosphorus plays in reaction I. Write a fully balanced equation for reaction I. State the type of mechanism of reaction II. When 10.0 g of propanoic acid was used in this 2-stage synthesis, a yield of 9.5 g of alanine was obtained. Calculate the overall percentage yield. In the solid state and in aqueous solutions, alanine exists as a zwitterion. Draw the structural formula of this zwitterion.
18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.1. Carboxylic acids
7. Equilibria  →  7.2. Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases
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Use Describe and explain the trend in the solubilities of the sulphates of the Group II elements. The salts formed by the Group II elements with other divalent anions show a similar trend in their solubilities, whereas most of their salts with monovalent anions are very soluble. Use this information to predict the identities of compounds A and B in the following description of some reactions of Group II compounds, and write balanced equations for the reactions. Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, is almost insoluble in water. Stirring a mixture of magnesium hydroxide and aqueous ethanedioic acid, H2C2O4, produces a clear colourless solution containing A. When a solution of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, is added, a white precipitate of B is formed. identity of A identity of B equations The solubility product, Ksp, of magnesium hydroxide has a numerical value of 2.0 × 10–11. Write an expression for the Ksp of magnesium hydroxide, stating its units. Use the value of Ksp given to calculate the concentration of Mg(OH)2 in a saturated solution. Explain whether magnesium hydroxide would be more or less soluble in 0.1 mol dm–3 MgSO4than in water.
10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds
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Use The following account describes the preparation of Péligot’s salt, named after the 19th century French chemist who first made it. Place 6.0 g of potassium dichromate(in a 100 cm3 beaker and add 8.0 g of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 1.0 cm3 water. Warm the mixture gently; if carefully done the dichromate(will dissolve without the evolution of chlorine. On cooling the beaker in an ice bath the solution will deposit long orange-red crystals of Péligotʼs salt. An analysis of Péligot’s salt showed that it contained the following percentages by mass: K, 22.4%; Cr, 29.8%; Cl, 20.3%; O, 27.5%. Calculate the empirical formula of Péligot’s salt. Suggest a balanced equation for the formation of Péligot’s salt. The instructions suggest that strong heating might cause chlorine to be evolved. What type of reaction would produce chlorine in this system? Use the Data Booklet to identify relevant half equations and E o values for the production of chlorine from the reaction between K2Cr2O7 and HCl. Use these equations to write the overall full ionic equation for this reaction. The use of dilute HCl does not result in the production of chlorine. Suggest why this is so. Use the Data Booklet to suggest a reason why it is not possible to prepare the bromine analogue of Péligot’s salt by using HBrinstead of HCl .
9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine
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Use By choosing the chlorides of two of the Group IV elements as examples, describe the trend in the reactions of these chlorides with water. Suggest an explanation for any differences, and write equations for any reactions that occur. The standard enthalpy changes of formation of lead(chloride and lead(chloride are given in the following table. compound ∆H o f / kJ mol–1 PbCl2–359 PbCl4–329 Use these data, and also bond energy data from the Data Booklet, to calculate the enthalpy changes for the following two reactions. CCl2+ Cl2CCl4∆H o = kJ mol–1 PbCl2+ Cl2PbCl4∆H o = kJ mol–1 Make use of your answers to parts and to suggest how the relative stabilities of the two oxidation states vary down the Group.
11. Group 17  →  11.2. The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides
9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity  →  9.2. Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3
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Use Potassium manganate(can be used to estimate the percentage of hydrogen peroxide in household bleach. The following unbalanced equation represents the reaction between them. MnO– 4 + H2O2 + H+ Mn2+ + H2O + O2 Balance this equation by putting the appropriate numbers in the spaces above. Use data from the Data Booklet to calculate the E o cell for the reaction. When 0.020 mol dm–3 KMnO4was added from a burette into an acidified 25.0 cm3 sample of H2O2, 15.0 cm3 of KMnO4 was required to reach the end-point. Describe what you would see during this titration, and also at the end-point. Calculate the concentration of H2O2 in the sample.
11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine
2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.4. Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)
2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry  →  2.3. Formulas
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Use The phenol 1-naphthol is a starting point for the manufacture of carbaryl, an insecticide and a plant growth inhibitor. OH 1-naphthol + NaOH O carbaryl C O + CH3NHCOCl CH3NH C Suggest a structure for the intermediate C and draw it in the box above. Name the functional groups in carbaryl. Suggest structures for the three products formed when carbaryl is hydrolysed. What reagents and conditions would you use for this hydrolysis? Suggest reagents and conditions for converting 1-naphthol into each of the following compounds. OH Br Br OH NO2 Examiner’s Use Compound D is an isomer of 4-nitro-1-naphthol. D is formed as a by-product during the reaction in b. It can be converted into 2-amino-1-naphthol, E. OH I NH2 D E Suggest the structural formula of the isomer D. Suggest reagents needed for reaction I. Suggest the structural formula of the compound formed when compound E reacts with an excess of CH3COCl. When an alkaline solution of compound E is added to a solution containing Cu2+ions, a pale green-blue precipitate F forms. Analysis of F shows that its formula is Cu(C10H8NO)2(H2O)2. Complete the following structural formula of F. O H2O Cu N H2 When an excess of concentrated NH3is added to F, the precipitate dissolves to form a deep blue solution. State the formula of the ion responsible for the deep blue colour. What type of reaction is occurring here?
16. Hydroxy compounds  →  16.1. Alcohols
18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.1. Carboxylic acids
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Use The nitration of benzene occurs in the following steps. + NO2 + H+ NO2 NO2 H + + What reagents and conditions are needed for this reaction? Write an equation showing how the electrophile NO+ 2 is formed from the reagents. The nitration of methylbenzene produces mainly 2-nitromethylbenzene, whereas the nitration of benzoic acid produces mainly 3-nitrobenzoic acid. CH3 2-nitromethylbenzene NO2 CO2H 3-nitrobenzoic acid NO2 Use this information to suggest suitable intermediates G and H in the following two 2-stage syntheses of chlorobenzoic acids, and suggest suitable reagents for reactions I to IV. II I III G CO2H Cl CH3 IV H CO2H Cl reagents: reaction I reaction II reaction III reaction IV
18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives  →  18.1. Carboxylic acids
15. Halogen compounds  →  15.1. Halogenoalkanes
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DNA carries the genetic code in living organisms and consists of a double helix. Describe what is meant by a double helix. How are the strands of the double helix held together? In replicating the genetic code two RNA molecules, mRNA and tRNA, are used to perform functions called transcription and translation. Describe the role of the RNA molecules in these two functions. transcription translation When an egg is boiled, the protein changes from a viscous liquid to a solid. Suggest what causes this change as the protein is heated. Why is there no change to the primary structure of the protein under these conditions? Examiner’s Use Describe in outline how energy is provided in animal cells.
14. Hydrocarbons  →  14.2. Alkenes
8. Reaction kinetics  →  8.2. Effect of temperature on reaction rates and the concept of activation energy
11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine
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Explain with reference to energy states how 1H NMR can supply information about the structure of molecules. Nuclear magnetic resonance is used in magnetic resonance imaging scanners. These scanners are increasingly used in hospitals to detect tumours. Suggest why magnetic resonance techniques are better than X-rays. Examiner’s Use The NMR spectrum shown below was obtained from a simple organic molecule, G, CxHyO2. When a sample of G was placed in a mass spectrometer, the ratio of the M : M+1 peaks for the molecule was 14.5 : 0.66. absorbance chemical shift,  Calculate how many carbon atoms there are in the molecule. Use the NMR spectrum and the Data Booklet to work out the structure of G.
22. Analytical techniques  →  22.2. Mass spectrometry
22. Analytical techniques  →  22.1. Infrared spectroscopy
4. States of matter  →  4.2. Bonding and structure
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Use 10 Read the following article about the use of bacteria in mining, and then answer the questions that follow it. The discovery that bacteria could ʻmineʼ metals for us was made in Spain. The Rio Tinto mine, in the southwest corner of Spain, was originally mined for copper by the Romans some 2,000 years ago. In 1752, some mining engineers looked over the mine to see if it could possibly be re-opened. They noticed streams of a blue-green liquid running from spoil heaps of the processed rock that lay around the mine. When this blue-green liquid ran over iron, it coated the iron with a brown film. The brown film was metallic copper. There was still some copper left in the spoil heaps. At the time, everybody thought that the copper was being dissolved in the liquid through a simple chemical reaction. But in 1947, US scientists discovered that the copper was being ʻminedʼ by a bacterium called Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans lives off the chemical energy trapped in metal sulphides. In the ore, the copper exists as copper sulphide. The bacteria gain energy by converting the copper sulphide to copper sulphate, which is then excreted. At the same time, they absorb the difference in energy in the chemical bonds. These bacteria can also obtain energy in similar reactions with ores of zinc, lead and uranium. Use the Data Booklet to explain why the blue-green liquid coated the iron with copper. Write an equation for the reaction. Suggest two reasons why this method of extracting copper might be useful for ore containing only a small percentage of copper. Suggest one disadvantage of using bacteria rather than traditional mining and smelting methods. Examiner’s Use In conventional copper mining, the ore will typically contain 0.5 – 2.0% copper, which gives an idea of what a valuable resource copper is. The ore from a particular mine contains 0.75% copper, and 150 000 tonnes of ore are mined each year. From this ore about 60% of the copper is extracted, and the remainder is left in the ‘spoil heaps’ of processed ore. What mass of copper is extracted each year? If the use of bacteria can recover a further 17% of copper from the spoil heaps, what is the extra mass of copper produced? Suggest why bacteria are unlikely to be used in the extraction of aluminium. Metals like copper and zinc from abandoned mines can contaminate ground-water. Suggest one way of removing these contaminants.
11. Group 17  →  11.4. The reactions of chlorine
10. Group 2  →  10.1. Similarities and trends in the properties of the Group 2 metals, magnesium to barium, and their compounds
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