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1

What is a reasonable estimate of the mass of a raindrop?

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2

Which quantity is a scalar?

3. Dynamics  →  3.1. Momentum and Newton’s laws of motion

2. Kinematics  →  2.1. Equations of motion

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3

A galvanometer of resistance 5 Ω is to be used in a null method. In order to protect the galvanometer from damage due to an excessive initial current, resistors of resistance 0.5 Ω and 1 kΩ are available. Which arrangement would provide this protection?

10. D.C. circuits  →  10.3. Potential dividers

10. D.C. circuits  →  10.2. Kirchhoff’s laws

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4

Readings are made of the current I for different voltages V across a fixed resistor. The results are plotted on a graph to show the variation of I with V. I V What is the best description of the errors in the readings?

1. Physical quantities and units  →  1.3. Errors and uncertainties

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5

A stone is dropped from a height of 20 m above water. The graph shows the variation with time of the velocity of the stone. time / s velocity / m s–1 Which statement describes the approximate position of the stone four seconds after it is dropped?

2. Kinematics  →  2.1. Equations of motion

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6

A car X is travelling at a constant speed u along a straight road. At time t = 0 a second car Y is a distance d0 behind car X and travelling at a speed v in the same direction. Speed v is less than speed u. car Y car X v d0 u At time t = 0 car Y begins to accelerate with a constant acceleration. Car Y overtakes car X at time t = T. Which graph could best show the variation with time t of the distance d between the cars?

2. Kinematics  →  2.1. Equations of motion

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7

The resultant force acting on an object is slowly increased. Which graph could show the variation with time t of the momentum p of the object?

3. Dynamics  →  3.1. Momentum and Newton’s laws of motion

2. Kinematics  →  2.1. Equations of motion

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8

An astronaut has a weight of 660 N when she is standing on the Earth’s surface. The acceleration of free fall on the surface of Mars is 3.71 m s–2. What would be the weight of the astronaut if she stood on the surface of Mars?

3. Dynamics  →  3.1. Momentum and Newton’s laws of motion

2. Kinematics  →  2.1. Equations of motion

13. Gravitational fields  →  13.3. Gravitational field of a point mass

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9

A mass m1 travelling with speed u1 collides with a mass m2 travelling with speed u2 in the same direction. After the collision, mass m1 has speed v1 and mass m2 has speed v2 in the same direction. The collision is perfectly elastic. m1 u1 m2 u2 before the collision m1 v1 m2 v2 after the collision Which equation is not correct?

3. Dynamics  →  3.3. Linear momentum and its conservation

3. Dynamics  →  3.1. Momentum and Newton’s laws of motion

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10

The diagrams show a negative electric charge situated in a uniform electric field and a mass situated in a uniform gravitational field. – charge uniform electric field mass uniform gravitational field Which row shows the directions of the forces acting on the charge and on the mass?

18. Electric fields  →  18.1. Electric fields and field lines

20. Magnetic fields  →  20.3. Force on a moving charge

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11

A bicycle pedal is connected to a pivot by a metal bar, as shown...

4. Forces, density and pressure  →  4.1. Turning effects of forces

4. Forces, density and pressure  →  4.2. Equilibrium of forces

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12

A thin horizontal beam XY is freely hinged at point Y to a vertical wall. The beam is held stationary by a cable XZ which is attached to the wall at point Z. wall hinge X W Y Z cable beam The beam supports a weight W at point X. The forces in the cable and the beam are FC and FB respectively. Which vector triangle represents the forces acting on point X?

4. Forces, density and pressure  →  4.2. Equilibrium of forces

20. Magnetic fields  →  20.4. Magnetic fields due to currents

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13

A pipe, open at one end, floats in a liquid as shown...

4. Forces, density and pressure  →  4.3. Density and pressure

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14

During an interval of time, fuel supplies energy X to a car. Some of this energy is converted into kinetic energy as the car accelerates. The rest of the energy Y is lost as thermal energy. What is the efficiency of the car?

5. Work, energy and power  →  5.1. Energy conservation

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15

In which situation is work done on an object?

5. Work, energy and power  →  5.1. Energy conservation

16. Thermodynamics  →  16.2. The first law of thermodynamics

2. Kinematics  →  2.1. Equations of motion

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16

A spring is attached at one end to a fixed point. A mass is then hung from the other end of the spring. The spring has extension x when the system is in equilibrium. spring x R S extension x Q P tension The variation of the tension in the spring with its extension is shown...

6. Deformation of solids  →  6.2. Elastic and plastic behaviour

6. Deformation of solids  →  6.1. Stress and strain

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17

An escalator in an underground station has 25 people standing on it and is moving with a speed of 4.3 m s–1. The average mass of a person is 78 kg and the angle of the escalator to the horizontal is 40°. What is the minimum power required to lift these people?

5. Work, energy and power  →  5.1. Energy conservation

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18

An elastic cord of unstretched total length 16.0 cm and cross-sectional area 2.0 × 10–6 m2 is held horizontally by two smooth pins a distance 8.0 cm apart. The cord obeys Hooke’s law. A load of mass 0.40 kg is suspended centrally on the cord. The angle between the two sides of the cord supporting the load is 60°. 8.0 cm 8.0 cm 8.0 cm mass 0.40 kg unstretched cord cord pin pin pin pin 60° What is the Young modulus of the cord material?

6. Deformation of solids  →  6.1. Stress and strain

6. Deformation of solids  →  6.2. Elastic and plastic behaviour

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19

A student is investigating the mechanical properties of a metal. He applies different loads to a long thin wire up to its breaking point, and measures the extension of the wire for each load. He then plots a graph of stress against strain. strain / 10–3 stress / 106 Pa The student repeats the experiment with a wire made from the same metal, with twice the original length and half the diameter. Which graph is obtained?

6. Deformation of solids  →  6.1. Stress and strain

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20

Which statement describes what is meant by the plastic deformation of a material?

6. Deformation of solids  →  6.1. Stress and strain

6. Deformation of solids  →  6.2. Elastic and plastic behaviour

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21

A transverse wave is moving along a rope. Two points X and Y on the rope are a quarter of a wavelength apart from each other. Which statement is not possible for the two points X and Y at any instant?

8. Superposition  →  8.1. Stationary waves

7. Waves  →  7.2. Transverse and longitudinal waves

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22

Two progressive waves meet at a fixed point P. The variation with time of the displacement of each wave at point P is shown...

7. Waves  →  7.1. Progressive waves

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23

A microphone connected to the Y-plates of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is placed in front of a loudspeaker. The trace on the screen of the CRO is shown...

7. Waves  →  7.1. Progressive waves

24. Medical physics  →  24.1. Production and use of ultrasound

7. Waves  →  7.3. Doppler effect for sound waves

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24

The diagram shows an experiment to produce a stationary wave in an air column. A tuning fork, placed above the column, vibrates and produces a sound wave. The length of the air column can be varied by altering the volume of the water in the tube. water air column tap tuning fork The tube is filled and then water is allowed to run out of it. The first two stationary waves occur when the air column lengths are 0.14 m and 0.42 m. What is the wavelength of the sound wave?

8. Superposition  →  8.1. Stationary waves

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25

A stationary person measures the speed and wavelength of the sound from a horn on a stationary vehicle. The person then repeats the measurements when the vehicle is approaching at a constant speed. Which row describes the measured wavelength and the measured speed of the sound wave from the moving vehicle when compared with the sound wave from the stationary vehicle?

7. Waves  →  7.3. Doppler effect for sound waves

7. Waves  →  7.1. Progressive waves

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26

The table shows the wavelengths of five electromagnetic waves. Which row correctly identifies the principal radiation for each of these wavelengths?

7. Waves  →  7.4. Electromagnetic spectrum

24. Medical physics  →  24.3. PET scanning

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27

Two progressive waves meet at a point. Which condition must be met for superposition of the waves to occur?

8. Superposition  →  8.1. Stationary waves

7. Waves  →  7.1. Progressive waves

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28

A hill separates a television (Ttransmitter from a house. The transmitter cannot be seen from the house. However, the house has good TV reception. hill house TV transmitter By which wave effect at the hill could the TV signal reach the house?

8. Superposition  →  8.3. Interference

8. Superposition  →  8.2. Diffraction

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29

The diagram shows an arrangement for demonstrating two-source interference using coherent light of a single wavelength λ. light of wavelength λ X P Q second bright fringe first bright fringe central bright fringe Y slits screen 3.0 m NOT TO SCALE An interference pattern is observed on a screen 3.0 m away from the slits X and Y, which have a separation of 1.0 mm. The central bright fringe is at Q, and the second bright fringe from the centre is at P. What is the distance between Q and P?

8. Superposition  →  8.3. Interference

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30

Light of wavelength λ is incident normally on a diffraction grating. The angle between the second-order maximum and the normal to the grating is θ. The variation with sin θ of λ is shown...

8. Superposition  →  8.4. The diffraction grating

8. Superposition  →  8.2. Diffraction

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31

A dipole is a pair of charges of equal magnitude, one negative and one positive. The electric field of a dipole is shown...

20. Magnetic fields  →  20.3. Force on a moving charge

18. Electric fields  →  18.5. Electric potential

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32

A charged oil droplet of mass m is falling, initially freely, in a vacuum between two horizontal metal plates that are separated by a distance x. A potential difference (p.d.) V is then applied across the plates. This results in the oil droplet continuing to accelerate downwards but with a reduced acceleration a. The polarity of the applied p.d. is then reversed so that the direction of the electric force on the droplet is reversed. This results in the downwards acceleration of the oil droplet increasing to 3a. What is the magnitude of the charge on the oil droplet?

18. Electric fields  →  18.5. Electric potential

20. Magnetic fields  →  20.3. Force on a moving charge

9. Electricity  →  9.2. Potential difference and power

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33

The number density of free electrons in copper is 8.0 × 1028 m–3. A copper wire has diameter 0.42 mm. What is the average drift speed of the free electrons in the wire when the current in the wire is 0.57 A?

9. Electricity  →  9.1. Electric current

6. Deformation of solids  →  6.1. Stress and strain

15. Ideal gases  →  15.3. Kinetic theory of gases

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34

An electric kettle is rated at 2.0 kW, which describes the power supplied to the heating coil in the kettle. The coil has a resistance of 5.0 kΩ. What is the current in the coil?

9. Electricity  →  9.3. Resistance and resistivity

9. Electricity  →  9.1. Electric current

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35

A conductor consists of three wires connected in series. The wires are all made of the same metal but have different cross-sectional areas. There is a current I in the conductor. conductor I I X Y Point Y on the conductor is at zero potential. Which graph best shows the variation of potential V with distance along the conductor?

9. Electricity  →  9.3. Resistance and resistivity

9. Electricity  →  9.2. Potential difference and power

18. Electric fields  →  18.5. Electric potential

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36

A cell of electromotive force (e.m.f.) E and internal resistance 0.50 Ω is connected to a resistor of resistance 4.7 Ω. 0.50 Ω E 4.7 Ω The maximum power that can be dissipated by the resistor without overheating is 0.50 W. What is the maximum value of E for the resistor not to overheat?

9. Electricity  →  9.3. Resistance and resistivity

22. Quantum physics  →  22.2. Photoelectric effect

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37

Kirchhoff’s first and second laws link to the conservation of physical quantities. Which quantities do they link to?

10. D.C. circuits  →  10.2. Kirchhoff’s laws

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38

In the circuit shown...

10. D.C. circuits  →  10.1. Practical circuits

10. D.C. circuits  →  10.3. Potential dividers

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39

An unstable nucleus goes through successive decays to become a final, stable nucleus. The initial nucleus and the final nucleus are isotopes of each other. How many α and β– particles could have been emitted during the decay sequence?

11. Particle physics  →  11.1. Atoms, nuclei and radiation

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40

A hadron has a charge of –e and is composed of three quarks. What could be the quark composition of the hadron?

11. Particle physics  →  11.2. Fundamental particles

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