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The point P in represents a point mass. On , draw lines to represent the gravitational field around P. P A moon is in circular orbit around a planet. Explain why the path of the moon is circular. Many moons are in circular orbit about a planet. The angular velocity of a moon is ω when the orbit of the moon has a radius r about the planet. shows the variation of r 3 with 1 / ω 2 for these moons. / 107 rad–2 s2 ω r3 / 1023 m3 Show that the mass M of the planet is given by the expression M = gradient G where G is the gravitational constant. Use and the expression in to show that the mass M of the planet is 1.0 × 1026 kg. Determine the speed of a moon in orbit around the planet with an orbital radius of 1.2 × 108 m. speed = m s–1

13. Gravitational fields  →  13.3. Gravitational field of a point mass

13. Gravitational fields  →  13.4. Gravitational potential

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A fixed mass of an ideal gas has a volume V and a pressure p. The gas undergoes a cycle of changes, X to Y to Z to X, as shown in . V Y Z X p Table 2.1 shows data for p, V and temperature T for the gas at points X, Y and Z. Table 2.1 p / 105 Pa V / 10–3 m3 T / K X 1.5 4.2 Y Z 5.1 State the change in internal energy ΔU for one complete cycle, XYZX. ΔU = J Calculate the amount n of gas. n = mol Complete Table 2.1. Use the space below for any working. The first law of thermodynamics for a system may be represented by the equation ΔU = q + W. State, with reference to the system, what is meant by: ΔU : q : W : Explain how the first law of thermodynamics applies to the change Z to X.

16. Thermodynamics  →  16.2. The first law of thermodynamics

15. Ideal gases  →  15.2. Equation of state

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A small wooden block of mass m floats in water, as shown in . wooden block mass m water density ρ The top face of the block is horizontal and has area A. The density of the water is ρ. State the names of the two forces acting on the block when it is stationary. The block is now displaced downwards as shown in so that the surface of the water is higher up the block. new position of water surface original position of water surface State and explain the direction of the resultant force acting on the wooden block in this position. The block in is now released so that it oscillates vertically. The resultant force F acting on the block is given by F = –Agρx where g is the gravitational field strength and x is the vertical displacement of the block from the equilibrium position. Explain why the oscillations of the block are simple harmonic. Show that the angular frequency ω of the oscillations is given by ω = Aρ g m . The block is now placed in a liquid with a greater density. The block is displaced and released so that it oscillates vertically. The variation with displacement x of the acceleration a of the block is measured for the first half oscillation, as shown in . 0.01 –0.01 –0.02 0.02 x / m a / m s–2 –1 –2 Explain why the maximum negative displacement of the block is not equal to its maximum positive displacement. The mass of the block is 0.57 kg. Use to determine the decrease ΔE in energy of the oscillation for the first half oscillation. E = J

17. Oscillations  →  17.1. Simple harmonic oscillations

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State what is represented by an electric field line. Two point charges P and Q are placed 0.120 m apart as shown in . 0.120 m P +4.0 nC Q –7.2 nC The charge of P is +4.0 nC and the charge of Q is –7.2 nC. Determine the distance from P of the point on the line joining the two charges where the electric potential is zero. distance = m State and explain, without calculation, whether the electric field strength is zero at the same point at which the electric potential is zero. An electron is positioned at point X, equidistant from both P and Q, as shown in . P Q X On , draw an arrow to represent the direction of the resultant force acting on the electron.

18. Electric fields  →  18.5. Electric potential

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The variation with potential difference V of the charge Q on one of the plates of a capacitor is shown in . V / V Q / 10–4 C 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 The capacitor is connected to an 8.0 V power supply and two resistors R and S as shown in . R 25 kΩ S 220 kΩ 8.0 V X Y The resistance of R is 25 kΩ and the resistance of S is 220 kΩ. The switch can be in either position X or position Y. The switch is in position X so that the capacitor is fully charged. Calculate the energy E stored in the capacitor. E = J The switch is now moved to position Y. Show that the time constant of the discharge circuit is 3.3 s. The fully charged capacitor in stores energy E. Determine the time t taken for the stored energy to decrease from E to E / 9. t = s A second identical capacitor is connected in parallel with the first capacitor. State and explain the change, if any, to the time constant of the discharge circuit.

19. Capacitance  →  19.2. Energy stored in a capacitor

19. Capacitance  →  19.3. Discharging a capacitor

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A small solenoid of area of cross section 1.6 × 10–3 m2 is placed inside a larger solenoid of area of cross-section 6.4 × 10–3 m2, as shown in . d.c. larger solenoid area of cross-section 6.4 × 10–3 m2 600 turns smaller solenoid area of cross-section 1.6 × 10–3 m2 3000 turns (not to scale) The larger solenoid has 600 turns and is attached to a d.c. power supply to create a magnetic field. The smaller solenoid has 3000 turns. Compare the magnetic flux in the two solenoids. Compare the magnetic flux linkage in the two solenoids. State Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction. The terminals of the smaller solenoid are connected together. The smaller solenoid is then removed from inside the larger solenoid. With reference to magnetic fields, explain why a force is needed to remove the smaller solenoid.

20. Magnetic fields  →  20.4. Magnetic fields due to currents

20. Magnetic fields  →  20.5. Electromagnetic induction

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Alternating current (a.c.) is converted into direct current (d.c.) using a full-wave rectification circuit. Part of the diagram of this circuit is shown in . d.c. output a.c. input Complete the circuit in by adding the necessary components in the gaps. On mark with a + the positive output terminal of the rectifier. The output voltage V of an a.c. power supply varies sinusoidally with time t as shown in . time / s voltage / V –2 –4 Determine the equation for V in terms of t, where V is in volts and t is in seconds. V = The supply is connected to a 12 Ω resistor. Calculate the mean power dissipated in the resistor. mean power = W

21. Alternating currents  →  21.2. Rectification and smoothing

21. Alternating currents  →  21.1. Characteristics of alternating currents

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State the formula for the de Broglie wavelength λ of a moving particle. State the meaning of any other symbol used. Electrons accelerate through a potential difference, pass through a thin crystal and are then incident on a fluorescent screen. The pattern in is observed on the fluorescent screen. edge of screen not to scale State the name of the phenomenon shown by the electrons at the crystal. State what this phenomenon shows about the nature of electrons. Suggest why the thin crystal causes the phenomenon in . The electron is accelerated through a different potential difference. The new pattern observed on the screen is shown in . edge of screen not to scale State and explain the change that has been made to the potential difference to create the pattern shown in .

22. Quantum physics  →  22.3. Wave-particle duality

24. Medical physics  →  24.2. Production and use of X-rays

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Polonium-211 (211 84Po) decays by alpha emission to form a stable isotope of lead (Pb). Complete the equation for this decay. 84Po Pb + α The variation with time t of the number of unstable nuclei N in a sample of polonium-211 is shown in . N / 1012 t / s 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 At time t = 0, the sample contains only polonium-211. Use to determine the decay constant λ of polonium-211. Give a unit with your answer. λ = unit Use your answer in to calculate the activity at time t = 0 of the sample of polonium-211. activity = Bq On , sketch a line to show the variation with t of the number of lead nuclei in the sample. Each decay releases an alpha particle with energy 6900 keV. Calculate, in J, the total amount of energy given to alpha particles that are emitted between time t = 0.30 s and time t = 0.90 s. energy = J Suggest why the total amount of energy released by the decay process between time t = 0.30 s and time t = 0.90 s is greater than your answer in .

23. Nuclear physics  →  23.2. Radioactive decay

11. Particle physics  →  11.1. Atoms, nuclei and radiation

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In an X-ray tube, electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 75 kV. The electrons then strike a tungsten target of effective mass 15 g. The electron energy is converted into the energy of X-ray photons with an efficiency of 5.0%. The rest of the energy is converted into thermal energy. The X-ray tube produces an image using a current of 0.40 A for a time of 20 ms. The specific heat capacity of tungsten is 130 J kg–1 K–1. Determine the temperature rise ΔT of the tungsten target. ΔT = K The linear attenuation coefficient of the X-ray photons in muscle is 0.22 cm–1. Calculate the thickness t of muscle that will absorb 80% of the incident X-ray intensity. t = cm Table 10.1 shows the linear attenuation coefficient μ for the X-ray photons in different tissues. Table 10.1 μ / cm–1 bone 3.0 blood 0.23 muscle 0.22 Two X-ray images are taken, one of equal thicknesses of bone and muscle and another of equal thicknesses of blood and muscle. Explain why one of these images has good contrast, but the other does not.

24. Medical physics  →  24.2. Production and use of X-rays

24. Medical physics  →  24.3. PET scanning

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Positron emission tomography (PET scanning) obtains diagnostic information from a person. The information is used to form an image. PET scanning uses a tracer. Explain what is meant by a tracer. PET scanning involves annihilation. Explain what is meant by annihilation. State the names of the particles involved in the annihilation process. Calculate the total energy released in one annihilation event in . energy = J Calculate the wavelength of each gamma photon released. wavelength = m Explain how the gamma photons are used to produce an image.

24. Medical physics  →  24.3. PET scanning

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State what is meant by luminosity of a star. The luminosity of the Sun is 3.83 × 1026 W. The distance between the Earth and the Sun is 1.51 × 1011 m. Calculate the radiant flux intensity F of the Sun at the Earth. Give a unit with your answer. F = unit Use data from to calculate the mass that is converted into energy every second in the Sun. mass = kg The radius of the Sun is 6.96 × 108 m. Show that the temperature T of the surface of the Sun is 5770 K. The wavelength λmax of light for which the maximum rate of emission occurs from the Sun is 5.00 × 10–7 m. The temperature of the surface of the star Sirius is 9940 K. Use information from to determine the wavelength of light for which the maximum rate of emission occurs from Sirius. wavelength = m

25. Astronomy and cosmology  →  25.1. Standard candles

25. Astronomy and cosmology  →  25.2. Stellar radii

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