9702_s22_qp_42
A paper of Physics, 9702
Questions:
10
Year:
2022
Paper:
4
Variant:
2
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1
Define gravitational potential at a point. Starting from the equation for the gravitational potential due to a point mass, show that the gravitational potential energy EP of a point mass m at a distance r from another point mass M is given by EP = – GMm r where G is the gravitational constant. shows the path of a comet of mass 2.20 × 1014 kg as it passes around a star of mass 1.99 × 1030 kg. X Y 34.1 km s–1 comet mass 2.20 × 1014 kg star mass 1.99 × 1030 kg path of comet (not to scale) At point X, the comet is 8.44 × 1011 m from the centre of the star and is moving at a speed of 34.1 km s–1. At point Y, the comet passes its point of closest approach to the star. At this point, the comet is a distance of 6.38 × 1010 m from the centre of the star. Both the comet and the star can be considered as point masses at their centres. Calculate the magnitude of the change in the gravitational potential energy ΔEP of the comet as it moves from position X to position Y. ΔEP = J State, with a reason, whether the change in gravitational potential energy in is an increase or a decrease. Use your answer in to determine the speed, in km s–1, of the comet at point Y. speed = km s–1 A second comet passes point X with the same speed as the comet in and travelling in the same direction. This comet is gradually losing mass. The mass of this comet when it passes point X is the same as the mass of the comet in . Suggest, with a reason, how the path of the second comet compares with the path shown in .
13. Gravitational fields  →  13.4. Gravitational potential
5. Work, energy and power  →  5.2. Gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy
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2
State Coulomb’s law. Positronium is a system in which an electron and a positron orbit, with the same period, around their common centre of mass, as shown in . r centre of mass electron positron (not to scale) The radius r of the orbit of both particles is 1.59 × 10–10 m. Explain how the electric force between the electron and the positron causes the path of the moving particles to be circular. Show that the magnitude of the electric force between the electron and the positron is 2.28 × 10–9 N. Use the information in to determine the period of the circular orbit of the two particles. period = s Positronium is highly unstable, and after a very short period of time it becomes gamma radiation. Describe how gamma radiation is formed from the two particles in positronium. State one medical application of the process described in .
11. Particle physics  →  11.1. Atoms, nuclei and radiation
24. Medical physics  →  24.3. PET scanning
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3
Define specific latent heat of vaporisation. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water at atmospheric pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa is 2.3 × 106 J kg–1. A mass of 0.37 kg of liquid water at 100 °C is provided with the thermal energy needed to vaporise all of the water at atmospheric pressure. Calculate the thermal energy q supplied to the water. q = J The mass of 1.0 mol of water is 18 g. Assume that water vapour can be considered to behave as an ideal gas. Show that the volume of water vapour produced is 0.64 m3. Assume that the initial volume of the liquid water is negligible compared with the volume of water vapour produced. Determine the magnitude of the work done by the water in expanding against the atmosphere when it vaporises. work done = J Use your answers in and to determine the increase in internal energy of the water when it vaporises at 100 °C. Explain your reasoning. increase in internal energy = J Use the first law of thermodynamics to suggest, with a reason, how the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure compares with its value at atmospheric pressure.
14. Temperature  →  14.3. Specific heat capacity and specific latent heat
16. Thermodynamics  →  16.2. The first law of thermodynamics
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4
State what is meant by resonance. shows a heavy pendulum and a light pendulum, both suspended from the same piece of string. This string is secured at each end to fixed points. fixed points string heavy pendulum light pendulum Both pendulums have the same natural frequency. The heavy pendulum is set oscillating perpendicular to the plane of the diagram. As it oscillates, it causes the light pendulum to oscillate. shows the variation with time t of the displacements of the two pendulums for three oscillations. t / s displacement / cm heavy light The variation with t of the displacement x of the light pendulum is given by x = 0.25 sin 5.0rt where x is in centimetres and t is in seconds. Calculate the period T of the oscillations. T = s On , label both of the axes with the correct scales. Use the space below for any additional working that you need. Determine the magnitude of the phase difference φ between the oscillations of the light and heavy pendulums. Give a unit with your answer. φ = unit
17. Oscillations  →  17.3. Damped and forced oscillations, resonance
17. Oscillations  →  17.1. Simple harmonic oscillations
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5
Define the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor. Two capacitors, of capacitances C1 and C2, are connected in parallel to a power supply of electromotive force (e.m.f.) E, as shown in . E C1 C2 Show that the combined capacitance CT of the two capacitors is given by CT = C1 + C2. Explain your reasoning. You may draw on if you wish. Two capacitors of capacitances 22 μF and 47 μF, and a resistor of resistance 2.7 MΩ, are connected into the circuit of . 12 V 2.7 MΩ 22 μF 47 μF Y X S The battery has an e.m.f. of 12 V. Show that the combined capacitance of the two capacitors is 15 μF. The two-way switch S is initially at position X, so that the capacitors are fully charged. Use the information in to calculate the total energy stored in the two capacitors. total energy = J The two-way switch is now moved to position Y. Determine the time taken for the potential difference (p.d.) across the 22 μF capacitor to become 6.0 V. time = s
19. Capacitance  →  19.2. Energy stored in a capacitor
19. Capacitance  →  19.1. Capacitors and capacitance
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6
State the two conditions that must be satisfied for a copper wire, placed in a magnetic field, to experience a magnetic force. A long air-cored solenoid is connected to a power supply, so that the solenoid creates a magnetic field. shows a cross-section through the middle of the solenoid. Y Z W X section through solenoid wires The direction of the magnetic field at point W is indicated by the arrow. Three other points are labelled X, Y and Z. On , draw arrows to indicate the direction of the magnetic field at each of the points X, Y and Z. Compare the magnitude of the flux density of the magnetic field: ● at X and at W ● at Y and at Z. Two long parallel current-carrying wires are placed near to each other in a vacuum. Explain why these wires exert a magnetic force on each other. You may draw a labelled diagram if you wish.
20. Magnetic fields  →  20.4. Magnetic fields due to currents
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7
State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Two coils are wound on an iron bar, as shown in . V V1 iron bar coil 2 coil 1 Coil 1 is connected to a potential difference (p.d.) V1 that gives rise to a magnetic field in the iron bar. shows the variation with time t of the magnetic flux density B in the iron bar. B 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 t / s A voltmeter measures the electromotive force (e.m.f.) V2 that is induced across coil 2. On , sketch the variation with t of V2 between t = 0 and t = 0.40 s. V2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 t / s Coil 2 in is now replaced with a copper ring that rests loosely on top of coil 1. The supply to coil 1 is replaced with a cell and a switch that is initially open, as shown in . iron bar copper ring coil 1 The switch is now closed. As it is closed, the copper ring is observed to jump upwards. Explain why this happens. Suggest, with a reason, what would be the effect of repeating the procedure in with the terminals of the cell reversed.
20. Magnetic fields  →  20.5. Electromagnetic induction
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8
State one piece of experimental evidence for: the particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation the wave nature of matter. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength λ of an alpha-particle moving at a speed of 6.2 × 107 m s–1. λ = m The speed v of the alpha-particle in is gradually reduced to zero. On , sketch the variation with v of λ. λ 6.2 v / 107 m s–1 Suggest an explanation for why people are not observed to diffract when they walk through a doorway.
22. Quantum physics  →  22.3. Wave-particle duality
22. Quantum physics  →  22.1. Energy and momentum of a photon
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10
State what is meant by radioactive decay. A radioactive sample consists of an isotope X of half-life T that decays to form a stable product. Only X and the stable product are present in the sample. At time t = 0, the sample has an activity of A0 and contains N0 nuclei of X. On , sketch the variation with t of the number N of nuclei of X present in the sample. Your line should extend from time t = 0 to time t = 3T. N t T 2T 3T 0.25N0 0.50N0 0.75N0 1.00N0 On , sketch the variation with N of the activity A of the sample for values of N between N = 0 and N = N0. A N 0.5A0 0.5N0 1.0N0 1.0A0 State the name of the quantity represented by the gradient of your line in: . For the sample in , calculate the fraction N N0 at time t = 1.70T. N N0 =
23. Nuclear physics  →  23.2. Radioactive decay
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