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State the equation for the gravitational force F between two point masses m1 and m2 that are separated by a distance r. State the meaning of any other symbols you use. A satellite is in a circular orbit of radius R around a planet of mass M. Show that the period T of the orbit is given by T 2 = kR3 where k is a constant that depends on the value of M. Explain your reasoning. A satellite is in a circular orbit around the Earth with a period of 24 hours. The mass of the Earth is 6.0 × 1024 kg. Calculate the radius of the orbit. radius = m State the two other conditions that must be met for the orbit to be geostationary.

13. Gravitational fields  →  13.2. Gravitational force between point masses

13. Gravitational fields  →  13.4. Gravitational potential

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2

shows a laboratory thermometer that is calibrated to measure temperature in degrees Celsius. -10 capillary mercury bulb glass tube The thermometer makes use of the fact that the density of mercury varies with temperature. State two other physical properties of materials, apart from the density of a liquid, that can be used for measuring temperature. The thermometer is initially at 23.0 °C, as shown in . It is used to measure the temperature of an insulated beaker of water that is at 37.4 °C. The bulb of the thermometer is inserted into the water, and the water is stirred until the reading on the thermometer becomes steady. The mass of water in the beaker is 18.7 g. The mass of mercury in the thermometer is 6.94 g. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J g–1 K–1. The specific heat capacity of mercury is 0.140 J g–1 K–1. The glass of the thermometer and the beaker containing the water can be considered to have negligible heat capacity. Calculate, to three significant figures, the final steady temperature indicated by the thermometer in the water. temperature = °C Suggest one change that could be made to the design of the thermometer that would enable it to give a more accurate measurement of temperature. Explain why the thermometer in does not provide a direct measurement of thermodynamic temperature. Thermodynamic temperature T may be determined by the behaviour of a type of substance for which T is proportional to the product of pressure and volume. State the name of this type of substance.

14. Temperature  →  14.2. Temperature scales

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An object is suspended from a spring that is attached to a fixed point as shown in . oscillations object spring equilibrium position fixed point The object oscillates vertically with simple harmonic motion about its equilibrium position. State the defining equation for simple harmonic motion. Identify the meaning of each of the symbols used to represent physical quantities. The variation with displacement x from the equilibrium position of the velocity v of the object is shown in . – 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.12 – 0.08 – 0.12 – 0.2 – 0.2 – 0.1 0.1 0.2 v / m s–1 x / m The variation with x of the potential energy EP of the oscillations of the object is shown in . – 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.12 – 0.08 – 0.12 0.025 0.050 x / m EP / J Use and to: determine the amplitude x0 of the oscillations x0 = m show that the angular frequency of the oscillations is 1.7 rad s–1 determine the mass M of the object. M = kg The oscillations of the object are now lightly damped. State what is meant by damping. Assume that the damping does not change the angular frequency of the oscillations. On , sketch the variation with x of v when the amplitude of the oscillations is 0.060 m.

17. Oscillations  →  17.3. Damped and forced oscillations, resonance

17. Oscillations  →  17.1. Simple harmonic oscillations

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4

State what is indicated by the direction of an electric field line. shows a pair of parallel metal plates with a potential difference (p.d.) of 2400 V between them. + 2400 V 0 V 4.6 cm metal plates The plates are separated by a distance of 4.6 cm. The plates are in a vacuum. On , draw five lines to represent the electric field in the region between the plates. Calculate the strength of the electric field between the plates. electric field strength = N C–1 A moving proton enters the region between the plates from the left, as shown in . + 2400 V 0 V proton region of electric field The proton is deflected by the electric field. On , draw a line to show the path of the proton as it moves through and out of the region of the electric field. A helium nucleus (4 2He) now enters the region of the electric field along the same initial path as the proton and travelling at the same initial speed. State and explain how the final speed of the helium nucleus compares with the final speed of the proton after leaving the region of the electric field.

18. Electric fields  →  18.1. Electric fields and field lines

18. Electric fields  →  18.2. Uniform electric fields

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5

A capacitor of capacitance 470 μF is connected to a battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 24 V in the circuit of . V 24 V 470 μF S X Y 5.6 kΩ 5.6 kΩ P Q The two-way switch S is initially at position X. P and Q are identical long straight wires, each with a resistance of 5.6 kΩ. These wires are placed near to, and parallel to, each other. Wire Q is connected to a voltmeter. At time t = 0, switch S is moved to position Y so that the capacitor discharges through wire P. Calculate the charge Q0 on the capacitor at time t = 0. Q0 = C Calculate the current I0 in wire P at time t = 0. I0 = A Calculate the time constant τ of the discharge circuit. τ = s On , sketch a line to show the variation with t of the current I in wire P as the capacitor discharges. I I0 t Explain why there is an induced e.m.f. across wire Q during the discharge of the capacitor. On , sketch a line to suggest the variation with t of the voltmeter reading V. t V

19. Capacitance  →  19.3. Discharging a capacitor

20. Magnetic fields  →  20.5. Electromagnetic induction

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shows a thin slice of semiconducting material used in a Hall probe. I I W P Q X S Z R Y (not to scale) Current I passes through the slice in the direction shown. The slice is placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B, so that two of its faces are perpendicular to the magnetic field. A steady Hall voltage VH is developed between face PQXW and face SRYZ. Use the letters in to identify the faces that are perpendicular to the magnetic field. and Explain how the steady Hall voltage VH is developed between faces PQXW and SRYZ. The magnitude of VH is given by the equation VH = BI ntq. State the meaning of the symbols n, t and q. You may refer to the letters in . n: t: q: Suggest, with reference to the equation, why the slice of the material used in a Hall probe is thin.

20. Magnetic fields  →  20.3. Force on a moving charge

20. Magnetic fields  →  20.5. Electromagnetic induction

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A sinusoidal alternating voltage has a root-mean-square (r.m.s.) potential difference (p.d.) of 4.2 V and a frequency of 50 kHz. The alternating voltage is applied across a resistor of resistance 760 Ω. By considering the peak voltage, show that the maximum power dissipated by the resistor is 46 mW. On , draw a smooth curve to show how the power P dissipated in the resistor varies with time t between t = 0 and t = 40 μs. Assume that P = 0 when t = 0. P / mW t / μs Use your line in to explain why the mean power dissipated in the resistor is 23 mW. The alternating voltage in is now applied to a piezoelectric crystal in air. Explain what happens to the air surrounding the crystal. A second piezoelectric crystal is placed in the air near to the first crystal. Explain the effect of the surrounding air in on the second crystal.

21. Alternating currents  →  21.1. Characteristics of alternating currents

9. Electricity  →  9.2. Potential difference and power

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State what is meant by the work function energy of a metal. Ultraviolet radiation of frequency 1.36 × 1015 Hz is incident, in a vacuum, on a metal surface. The power of the radiation incident on the surface is 8.36 mW. Photoelectrons are emitted with a maximum kinetic energy of 3.09 × 10–19 J. Determine the number of photons incident on the surface per unit time. number per unit time = s–1 Calculate the work function energy Φ of the metal. Φ = J The frequency of the radiation incident on the surface in is increased while the power remains constant. State and explain the effect of this change on: the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons the rate of emission of photoelectrons.

22. Quantum physics  →  22.2. Photoelectric effect

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9

State what is meant by the luminosity of a star. A star in the constellation Canis Major is a distance of 8.14 × 1016 m from the Earth and has a luminosity of 9.86 × 1027 W. The surface temperature of the star is 9830 K. Calculate the radiant flux intensity of the radiation from the star observed from the Earth. Give a unit with your answer. radiant flux intensity = unit Determine the radius of the star. radius = m Explain how the surface temperature of a distant star may be determined from the wavelength spectrum of the light from the star.

25. Astronomy and cosmology  →  25.1. Standard candles

25. Astronomy and cosmology  →  25.2. Stellar radii

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10

Carbon-15 (15 6 C) is an isotope of carbon that undergoes radioactive decay to nitrogen-15 (15 7 N), which is a stable isotope of nitrogen. Radioactive decay is both a random and a spontaneous process. State what is meant by: random spontaneous. A small sample of carbon-15 decays. The mass M of carbon-15 in the sample decreases with time t. shows the variation with t of the value of ln (M / 10–16 g). – 8 – 7 – 6 – 5 – 4 In (M / 10–16 g) t / s State how demonstrates that radioactive decay is random. On , draw the straight line of best fit. Show that the decay constant λ of carbon-15 is given by the magnitude of the gradient of your line in . Use your line in to determine λ. Give a unit with your answer. λ = unit Use your answer in to calculate the half-life of carbon-15. half-life = s The equation for the decay of carbon-15 can be written as 6C 7N + 0 –1β + 0 0ν. State and explain how the mass of the products of the decay must compare with the mass of the carbon-15 nucleus.

23. Nuclear physics  →  23.2. Radioactive decay

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