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1

For Examiner's Use Scientists found four new animal species living in the sea. Features of the animals are described in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 animal description group A body covered by hard exoskeleton more than five pairs of jointed limbs B soft segmented body no obvious limbs present C body covered in small scales gill slits and gills present D scaly body two pairs of legs Identify the group to which each animal belongs. Write your answers in Table 1.1.

1. Characteristics and classification of living organisms  →  1.3. Features of organisms

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2

For Examiner's Use State three uses of water in the human body. In the human body, the amounts of different substances, such as water, remain within narrow limits. Name the term used to describe the maintenance of a constant internal environment. shows the water gains and losses in a human over 24 hours. daily water gains drinks water in food water formed within body total 1500 cm3 700 cm3 200 cm3 2400 cm3 daily water losses exhaled air faeces sweat urine total 400 cm3 100 cm3 500 cm3 ? cm3 2400 cm3 shows that water is formed within the body. Name a reaction in the body that produces water. Use to calculate the volume of water the person must lose in their urine over the 24 hours to keep the volume of water in the body constant. volume of water lost in urine cm3 For Examiner's Use The kidney excretes excess water. State three other processes that occur in the kidney. On a very hot day the volume of water lost as sweat may increase. Suggest how increased sweating could affect the urine a person produces.

13. Excretion in humans  →  13.1. Excretion in humans

3. Movement into and out of cells  →  3.2. Osmosis

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3

For Examiner's Use Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder. People with this disorder produce mucus that is very thick and sticky. This mucus can block many passages in the body including the bronchi and bronchioles. Suggest why people with cystic fibrosis often have lung infections. Cystic fibrosis is controlled by a recessive allele. What is meant by the term recessive allele? Use F to represent the allele for normal mucus and f to represent the allele for very thick mucus, that causes cystic fibrosis. State the genotypes of a person with cystic fibrosis. Two parents with normal mucus have a child with cystic fibrosis. State the genotype of the parents. For Examiner's Use These parents have another child. Complete the genetic diagram to show the possibility that this child will also have cystic fibrosis. parental phenotypes parental genotypes gametes offspring genotypes offspring phenotypes possibility of a child having cystic fibrosis normal mucus normal mucus × × +

17. Inheritance  →  17.4. Monohybrid inheritance

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4

For Examiner's Use Explain the meaning of each of the terms and give one example of each. non-renewable material example sewage example

20. Human influences on ecosystems  →  20.3. Pollution

20. Human influences on ecosystems  →  20.4. Conservation

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5

For Examiner's Use shows a section through the human female reproductive system and other structures. C D E F G B A bone (part of hip girdle) In Table 5.1, write the letter from which labels the structure that carries out each function. One has been completed for you. Table 5.1 function letter produces egg cells E where sperm are deposited during intercourse ring of muscle that relaxes to allow the baby to be born where implantation takes place where fertilisation takes place

16. Reproduction  →  16.4. Sexual reproduction in humans

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6

For Examiner's Use shows the outline of the young stem of a eudicotyledonous plant. On , draw and label the position of the phloem and xylem in the stem. Name a substance that is transported in the phloem. Describe the pathway taken by water from the soil to a leaf.

8. Transport in plants  →  8.1. Xylem and phloem

8. Transport in plants  →  8.2. Water uptake

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7

For Examiner's Use shows a simple reflex arc. muscle with nerve endings receptor in skin B A Name the cells labelled A and B as shown on . A B State two features of a reflex action. State what is meant by an effector. For Examiner's Use shows the muscles and bones around the elbow joint. D C radius bone ulna bone Name the structures labelled C and D as shown on . C D A nerve impulse stimulates muscle D to contract. Describe what will happen to the muscles and bones of the arm.

14. Coordination and response  →  14.1. Coordination and response

14. Coordination and response  →  14.2. Sense organs

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8

For Examiner's Use The metabolism of an organism involves many processes that need energy. Complete the word equation for aerobic respiration. glucose + oxygen + + energy The rate of metabolism can be calculated and it is called the metabolic rate. shows changes in pulse rate as metabolic rate increases during exercise. 0.4 0.8 1.2 metabolic rate / arbitrary units pulse rate / beats per minute 1.6 2.0 2.4 exercise period For Examiner's Use shows changes in the output of blood from the heart (stroke volume) as metabolic rate increases during exercise. 0.4 0.8 1.2 metabolic rate / arbitrary units stroke volume / cm3 per beat 1.6 2.0 2.4 exercise period Use to state the metabolic rate before exercise started. arbitrary units Use and to state what the stroke volume was when the pulse rate had increased to 110 beats per minute. cm3 per beat For Examiner's Use Explain why pulse rate increased during exercise. Suggest what happens to the pulse rate when exercise is finished. Suggest one way in which the output of the heart (stroke volume) can be increased.

9. Transport in animals  →  9.2. Heart

11. Gas exchange in humans  →  11.1. Gas exchange in humans

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9

For Examiner's Use shows a potato plant. potato flowers tuber 2 tuber 3 underground stem roots tuber 1 soil level As the plant grows, buds on the underground stem grow into side shoots. The ends of these shoots swell to form tubers. The tubers can grow into new plants. Which type of nuclear division will occur at the end of a shoot as a tuber develops? The three tubers, shown in , are each grown to form separate plants. They all show the same characteristics as the parent plant. Explain why this happens. For Examiner's Use After two months the three new plants were different sizes. Suggest two reasons why the plants were different. The potato plant has purple flowers that are usually insect-pollinated. After pollination the seeds formed can grow into new plants. Explain why these plants may show features different from the parent plants. A scientist has two varieties of potato. One variety has disease resistance and the other variety grows well in dry soil. Suggest how the scientist could produce a new variety with both of these characteristics.

16. Reproduction  →  16.3. Sexual reproduction in plants

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10

For Examiner's Use 10 Define the term ecosystem. shows the food web of a heather moor ecosystem in Scotland. heather plants other insects beetles shrews hares rabbits adders stoats golden eagles grouse bee State the source of energy for all the organisms in this food web. Name the producer in this food web. Use the boxes to form a food chain with four organisms shown in . Use arrows to show the flow of energy through the food chain. For Examiner's Use In one year, a large number of young grouse died before they matured. Suggest how this would affect the numbers of hares and shrews in this food web. hares shrews

19. Organisms and their environment  →  19.2. Food chains and food webs

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