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For Examiner's Use Vertebrates can be classified by their external features. Complete the paragraph by using the name of a vertebrate class in each space. Some vertebrates have scales all over their skin. If they also have nostrils that allow air into their lungs and two pairs of legs they are . Some vertebrates have wings. If their body is also covered in feathers they are , but if their body has fur they are . Vertebrates that do not have feathers, fur or scales on the outside of their body are .

1. Characteristics and classification of living organisms  →  1.3. Features of organisms

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2

For Examiner's Use shows a partly completed diagram of a palisade cell. chloroplasts cell membrane Complete the diagram to show the other major components of this cell. Label all the components that you have added to . State precisely where palisade cells are found in a plant.

2. Organisation of the organism  →  2.1. Cell structure

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For Examiner's Use Micronutrients are food materials that are only needed in very small quantities in the human diet. Draw one straight line from each micronutrient to its deficiency symptom. micronutrient deficiency symptom calcium vitamin C vitamin D iron anaemia rickets scurvy Explain how iron, in the diet of humans, is used in the body.

7. Human nutrition  →  7.1. Diet

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For Examiner's Use Enzyme activity is vital in human digestion. Complete Table 4.1 by choosing appropriate words from the list. amino acids amylase cellulose fatty acids hydrochloric acid lipase protein starch water Table 4.1 substrate enzyme product fat glycerol + protease maltose Maltose is changed into glucose. Which part of the blood carries glucose? Which process, happening in all living cells, needs a constant supply of glucose? Excess glucose is stored. Which carbohydrate is glucose changed into for storage? Which organ is the main store of this carbohydrate? Name a hormone that causes glucose to be released from storage.

7. Human nutrition  →  7.4. Chemical digestion

13. Excretion in humans  →  13.1. Excretion in humans

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For Examiner's Use Rabbits are primary consumers. shows changes in the population of rabbits after a small number were released on an island where none had previously lived. size of rabbit population time A B C D E Which stage, A, B, C, D or E, shows when the birth rate was equal to the death rate, slightly greater than the death rate? For Examiner's Use Suggest two factors that allowed the change in the rabbit population during stage B. 1. 2. Suggest two reasons for the change in the rabbit population during stage E. 1. 2.

19. Organisms and their environment  →  19.4. Populations

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For Examiner's Use shows the female reproductive system. uterus ovary vagina Describe the functions of each of the following structures in the female reproductive system. ovary uterus vagina For Examiner's Use Explain the purpose of the events that happen during the menstrual cycle in human females.

16. Reproduction  →  16.4. Sexual reproduction in humans

16. Reproduction  →  16.5. Sex hormones in humans

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For Examiner's Use shows a food web for a habitat in Europe. grass hogweed ivy oak tree bank voles goldfinches aphids caterpillars fleas wrens kestrels In the space below draw a food chain consisting of four organisms. The organisms must be part of the food web in Fig.7.1. Explain what is meant by the terms herbivore and carnivore and in each case give an example from the food web in . herbivore carnivore (Name an animal in the food web in Fig.7.1 that would normally be present in far greater numbers than the animal on which it feeds. For Examiner's Use Sometimes a very large number of ladybirds arrive in this habitat. Ladybirds are insects that feed on aphids. Predict and explain how this could affect the populations of wrens and bank voles in this food web. wrens bank voles

19. Organisms and their environment  →  19.2. Food chains and food webs

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8

For Examiner's Use Gaseous exchange takes place while air flows in and out of the lungs. State three ways in which inspired air is different from expired air. 1. 2. 3. List three features of gaseous exchange surfaces that help to make them more efficient. 1. 2. 3.

11. Gas exchange in humans  →  11.1. Gas exchange in humans

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9

For Examiner's Use Define osmosis. Osmosis is considered by many scientists to be a form of diffusion. Suggest two ways in which diffusion is different from osmosis. 1. 2. Explain how root hair cells use osmosis to take up water. The land on which a cereal crop is growing is flooded by sea water. Suggest the effect sea water could have on the cereal plants.

3. Movement into and out of cells  →  3.2. Osmosis

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10

For Examiner's Use 10 In Drosophila, the fruit fly, wing length is controlled by a single gene. Wing length can be long or short. A long winged male fruit fly was crossed with a short winged female. All of their offspring, the second generation, had long wings. When the second generation flies were interbred, to produce a third generation, some of the offspring had long wings and some had short wings. Which wing length is controlled by the recessive allele? Complete the genetic diagram, using the symbols R and r to represent the alleles. Parents male female (first generation) phenotypes ……… wings ………. wings genotypes …… … …… … gametes Offspring (second generation) genotypes …………… …………. ………………. ……………… phenotypes …………… …………. ………………. ……………… For Examiner's Use If the third generation consisted of 464 offspring how many would be expected to have short wings? Show your working. The female parent fruit fly was crossed with one of her male offspring from the second generation. Draw a genetic diagram to show this cross and state the ratio of the offspring phenotypes. genetic diagram ratio of offspring phenotypes

17. Inheritance  →  17.4. Monohybrid inheritance

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