0610_w11_qp_32
A paper of Biology, 0610
Questions:
6
Year:
2011
Paper:
3
Variant:
2
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1
For Examiner's Use Heart surgeons may stop the heart beating during operations. While this happens blood is pumped through a heart-lung machine that oxygenates the blood. is a diagram showing a heart-lung machine in use. left ventricle D drainage tubes reservoir of deoxygenated blood removed from body oxygenator oxygenated blood returned to body pump E F A B C Name the structures labelled A to D. A B C D Name the blood vessels E and F. E F For Examiner's Use The heart-lung machine is used so that surgeons can operate on the arteries supplying heart muscle. These arteries may be diseased. Name these arteries and explain how they may become diseased. name of arteries explanation Suggest why a patient is put on a heart-lung machine during such an operation. Humans have a double circulation system. There is a low pressure circulation and a high pressure circulation. Explain how the structure of the heart enables it to pump blood into two circulations at different pressures.
9. Transport in animals  →  9.2. Heart
9. Transport in animals  →  9.1. Circulatory systems
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2
For Examiner's Use Movement is a characteristic of living organisms. Define the term movement. When the hand is stimulated by a hot object a reflex action occurs in which the fore-arm is raised. shows the muscles and the neurones involved in the reflex action. The arrows show where there are nerve impulses during the reflex action. spinal cord spinal nerve G J H biceps muscle triceps muscle State the name for the action of two opposing muscles, such as the biceps and the triceps. For Examiner's Use Explain how two opposing muscles bring about movement at the elbow joint. Describe the function of neurone J. Explain why there are impulses in motor neurone G, but not in motor neurone H. The action shown in is an involuntary reflex action. The muscles can also be used for voluntary actions. Explain how muscles are controlled during voluntary actions.
14. Coordination and response  →  14.1. Coordination and response
9. Transport in animals  →  9.2. Heart
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3
For Examiner's Use The sweet potato plant, Ipomoea batatas, has fibrous roots and storage roots. Fibrous roots absorb water and ions from the soil. Storage roots store insoluble carbohydrates. shows the growth of these roots on a sweet potato plant. stem fibrous roots storage roots Explain, using the term water potential, how fibrous roots absorb water. For Examiner's Use The membranes of root hair cells contain proteins for the absorption of ions. Describe how root hair cells are adapted for the absorption of ions. Sweet potato plants produce flowers to reproduce sexually. Sweet potato plants also reproduce asexually when shoots grow from the storage roots to form new plants. shows the life cycle of sweet potato. The diploid number of this species is 90. adult sweet potato plant embryo plant zygote flower stamens carpels male gametes female gametes meiosis fertilisation fertilisation fertilisation germination young plant Complete by writing the number of chromosomes in the three boxes. For Examiner's Use State two advantages and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction for plants, such as sweet potato. advantage 1 advantage 2 disadvantage
16. Reproduction  →  16.3. Sexual reproduction in plants
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4
For Examiner's Use Proteins in the blood are involved in protection of the body. Three proteins found in the blood are • antibodies • thrombin • fibrinogen Name the type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. Outline how antibodies protect the body. Thrombin is an enzyme that catalyses the reaction: fibrinogen fibrin State when this reaction occurs. Explain how fibrin protects the body. For Examiner's Use An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of different temperatures on the activity of thrombin. The results are shown in . activity of thrombin / arbitrary units temperature / °C Explain why thrombin functions slowly at 5 °C and does not function at all at 70 °C. 5 °C 70 °C For Examiner's Use Suggest how the activity of thrombin was determined. State two conditions that would have been kept constant during the investigation.
9. Transport in animals  →  9.4. Blood
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5
For Examiner's Use Reed warblers are small birds that migrate over long distances between western Africa and northern Europe. shows a reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus. State three characteristic features of birds that are visible in . A study was carried out in Sweden into the effects of natural selection on wing length in reed warblers. The wings of young reed warblers reach their maximum length a few days after leaving the nest. At this age the wing length in millimetres of each bird was recorded. Each bird was identified by putting a small ring around one of its legs. When the birds were caught in net traps as adults, the information on the rings was used to identify specific birds and their ages. For Examiner's Use The length of time between ringing and trapping was recorded for each bird that was identified before it was released. The mean age at trapping was calculated for birds with each wing length. The results are shown in Table 5.1. Table 5.1 wing length at ringing / mm number of birds trapped mean age at trapping / days 63 or less 70 or more total = 771 Explain why wing length is an example of continuous variation. Suggest a feature of reed warblers, other than wing length, that shows continuous variation. For Examiner's Use The researchers concluded that reed warblers with a wing length of 66-67 mm had the best chance of survival. Describe the evidence from Table 5.1 that supports this conclusion. The researchers also suggested that more evidence was needed to make this conclusion. Suggest what other evidence would show that birds with wings 66-67 mm in length have the best chance of survival. For Examiner's Use Scientists have discovered that genes are responsible for wing length in reed warblers. The most common length of wing has been 66-67 mm for many generations of these birds. Explain how natural selection may be responsible for maintaining the mean wing length of reed warblers at 66-67 mm.
18. Variation and selection  →  18.3. Selection
20. Human influences on ecosystems  →  20.4. Conservation
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6
For Examiner's Use Sewage disposal involves the removal of human waste in pipes from houses to sewage treatment works. is a diagram that shows how sewage is treated. collection and pumping primary sedimentation screening grit removal aeration and digestion final sedimentation disinfection grit to landfill effluent solids to anaerobic digester oxygen solids to anaerobic digester chlorine recycled microorganisms river For Examiner's Use During stage 5 microorganisms break down organic matter consisting of cellulose, starch, protein and lipid . The microorganisms multiply during this stage and are recycled. Complete by writing in the boxes the names of the enzymes used to catalyse the reactions shown. The first box has been completed for you. cellulose cellobiose glucose cellulase starch maltose glucose protein amino acids lipid fatty acids and glycerol For Examiner's Use State why it is important that sewage is treated. At stage 5 in , oxygen and microorganisms are added. Explain why oxygen is bubbled through the tank at this stage. Suggest and explain the advantage of recycling microorganisms from stage 6 to stage 5 as shown in . 0610/32/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use Explain why chlorine is added at stage 7.
20. Human influences on ecosystems  →  20.3. Pollution
10. Diseases and immunity  →  10.1. Diseases and immunity
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