0610_w12_qp_33
A paper of Biology, 0610
Questions:
6
Year:
2012
Paper:
3
Variant:
3
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1
For Examiner's Use Cicadas are insects that make a lot of noise. shows an adult chorus cicada, Amphipsalta zelandica, that is only found in New Zealand. State three features, visible in , that show that the chorus cicada is an insect. Insects are classified in the same group as crustaceans, arachnids and myriapods. Name the group that contains all these animals. Evolutionary relationships between different species are investigated by examining DNA. State precisely where DNA is found in a cell. For Examiner's Use It is suggested that the eight cicada species in New Zealand originated from two migrations, A and B, from Australia as shown in Fig.1.3. Australia Australia New Caledonia New Zealand Australia key migration A migration B Explain how the results in support the idea that the eight cicada species in New Zealand originated from two migrations of cicadas as shown in . You can use the numbers from in your answer. For Examiner's Use Islands in the Pacific have been colonised by populations of animals that have migrated from Australia, mainland Asia and the Americas. Over many generations these populations have changed. Now they are unable to breed with animals of the original populations in Australia, mainland Asia and the Americas. Explain how natural selection has resulted in changes in the populations of animals on islands in the Pacific.
1. Characteristics and classification of living organisms  →  1.2. Concept and uses of classification systems
18. Variation and selection  →  18.3. Selection
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2
For Examiner's Use Define the term excretion. shows a kidney tubule and the blood vessels associated with it. A B C D E F G H For Examiner's Use Table 2.1 shows some processes that occur in a kidney. In Table 2.1, write the letter of the part shown in where each process occurs. You must put one letter in each box. You may use the same letter more than once. Table 2.1 process letter filtration of blood reabsorption of most of the solutes from the filtrate water is absorbed by osmosis to determine the concentration of urine unfiltered blood returns to the renal vein Table 2.2 lists the components of blood, filtrate and urine. Table 2.2 component blood filtrate urine red blood cells    white blood cells  plasma proteins  glucose  urea  salts  water  Complete the table by using ticks () and crosses () to show whether or not each component is present in filtrate and in urine of a healthy person. The first component has been done for you.
13. Excretion in humans  →  13.1. Excretion in humans
9. Transport in animals  →  9.4. Blood
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3
For Examiner's Use Mycoprotein is a form of single cell protein. It is produced by growing the fungus, Fusarium venenatum, in a fermenter. As the fungus grows in the fermenter it produces large quantities of hyphae which are extracted and processed as shown in . removal of hyphae in medium hyphae filtered from medium hyphae treated to remove RNA hyphae processed into meat-like form to make burgers, sausages, pies and other products growth of fungus fermenter glucose corn starch ammonia, salts oxygen in sterile air food additives small quantity of Fusarium venenatum enzymes Name an enzyme used to digest the corn starch. Explain why it is necessary to digest the corn starch. For Examiner's Use Explain why sterile conditions are necessary in the fermenter. In 2008, there were riots in some parts of the world in protest against shortages of staple foods, such as rice. Explain why it is better ecologically for people to eat foods made from plants rather than from animal products, such as meat. Describe three possible advantages of using foods prepared from mycoprotein as substitutes for animal products, such as meat. For Examiner's Use Discuss whether production of foods made from mycoprotein might not reduce food shortages in the future.
21. Biotechnology and genetic modification  →  21.2. Biotechnology
4. Biological molecules  →  4.1. Biological molecules
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4
Niusila Opeloge from Samoa holds a Commonwealth Games record for weightlifting. He can lift 338 kg. Weightlifting is an example of an anaerobic sport as muscles act over a short period of time. Write a balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle. …………………………  ………………………… Weightlifting involves contraction of the muscles of the arms. shows the muscles that move the forearm. scapula triceps humerus biceps radius ulna elbow joint Describe how the muscles identified in work to move the forearm up. For Examiner's Use Exercise that occurs over a longer period of time than weightlifting often involves aerobic respiration as well as anaerobic respiration. shows the oxygen consumed by an athlete during and after a 5000 metre race. 3.0 2.0 1.0 oxygen consumption / dm3 min–1 time / min race starts race ends Describe the athlete’s oxygen consumption during and after the race as shown in . You will gain credit for using the figures in the graph to support your answer. during after For Examiner's Use Explain why the oxygen consumption does not return immediately to the resting level after the exercise is finished.
12. Respiration  →  12.3. Anaerobic respiration
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5
For Examiner's Use Fertilisers are used to increase crop yields. Many fertilisers contain compounds of nitrogen and are called ‘nitrogen fertilisers’. The development in the early twentieth century of the Haber-Bosch process for converting nitrogen from the air into ammonia made the production of these fertilisers possible. shows the global use of nitrogen fertilisers between 1960 and 2003. year global nitrogen fertiliser use / million tonnes per year Calculate the percentage increase in the global use of nitrogen fertilisers between 1970 and 1987. Show your working. Answer % For Examiner's Use Explain why the use of nitrogen fertilisers has increased. Some farmers increase the fertility of their soils by adding organic fertilisers, such as manure, and by using legume crops in a crop rotation. Manure contains protein, urea and ammonia in the waste from farm animals. Explain how nitrogen, in the form of nitrate ions, becomes available in a soil after the addition of manure. Explain why legume crops, such as peas, beans, alfalfa and clover are used in crop rotations. For Examiner's Use The overuse of fertilisers can lead to environmental problems. Soils, rivers, lakes, the sea and the atmosphere have all been affected by this pollution. Outline the undesirable effects of the overuse of fertilisers.
20. Human influences on ecosystems  →  20.1. Food supply
19. Organisms and their environment  →  19.3. Nutrient cycles
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6
For Examiner's Use Haemoglobin is a protein that is made inside developing red blood cells in the bone marrow. State the function of haemoglobin. Name the small molecules that are combined to make haemoglobin. Name the mineral ion provided in the diet that is needed to make haemoglobin. There are many different varieties of haemoglobin. The gene for haemoglobin exists as two alleles, HbA and HbS. People with the genotype HbSHbS have a condition called sickle cell anaemia. Describe the features of sickle cell anaemia. The allele for HbS is rare in many parts of the world, but it is more common in parts of tropical Africa. Explain why HbS is more common in parts of tropical Africa. For Examiner's Use The parents of people with sickle cell anaemia rarely have this condition. Explain, using a genetic diagram, how two parents who do not have sickle cell anaemia may have a child with the condition. parental genotypes gametes genotype of child with sickle cell anaemia × + Sickle cell anaemia is an example of variation in humans. There are many causes of variation, including nuclear fall-out. Suggest how nuclear fall-out could cause variation in humans.
17. Inheritance  →  17.4. Monohybrid inheritance
9. Transport in animals  →  9.4. Blood
17. Inheritance  →  17.1. Chromosomes, genes and proteins
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