0610_m16_qp_42
A paper of Biology, 0610
Questions:
6
Year:
2016
Paper:
4
Variant:
2
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1
A researcher used a light microscope to observe epithelial cells from a human cheek. is a photograph that the researcher made of these cells. $ % Name the parts labelled A and B. A B The cells in each have a cell membrane. State one of the functions of a cell membrane. State how the shape of the cells shown in differs from the shape of a palisade mesophyll cell in a leaf. shows an electron micrograph of a mitochondrion. Mitochondria have two membranes, an inner membrane and an outer membrane. The inner membrane is folded and used in respiration. Suggest why the inner membrane of mitochondria is folded. Table 1.1 shows different specialised cells and the average number of mitochondria each cell contains. Table 1.1 specialised cell type average number of mitochondria liver cell 1000–2000 red blood cell sperm cell 25–75 heart muscle cell Explain the differences between the average numbers of mitochondria in the cells shown in Table 1.1.
2. Organisation of the organism  →  2.1. Cell structure
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2
Reflexes are simple responses that protect the body. The pathway that nerve impulses travel along during a reflex is called a reflex arc. Letters A to G show the components of a reflex arc. A stimulus B motor neurone C sensory neurone D receptor cell E response F relay neurone G effector Put the components into the correct sequence. Two have been done for you. A E Impulses travel between neurones across a synapse. Describe how impulses travel across the synapse from one neurone to another. Drugs such as heroin restrict the movement of impulses across synapses. Users can become addicted to heroin. When users stop taking heroin they may experience withdrawal symptoms. State two withdrawal symptoms that heroin users may experience. Suggest why heroin abuse may increase criminal activity. Heroin abuse may lead to HIV infection. There is currently no approved vaccine that prevents the spread of HIV. Vaccination stimulates active immunity against specific pathogens. Explain how vaccination stimulates active immunity. Explain what is meant by passive immunity.
14. Coordination and response  →  14.1. Coordination and response
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3
Yeast is used in bread-making. It respires anaerobically, producing carbon dioxide. Write the balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration of yeast in bread-making. A baker wants to increase the rate of carbon dioxide production in the bread-making process. The baker trialled different concentrations of glucose solution in the bread dough. shows the results. 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 rate of carbon dioxide production / cm3 per min 3.0 3.5 4.5 4.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 concentration of glucose solution / % 5.0 6.0 7.0 Predict the rate of carbon dioxide production if the concentration of the glucose solution was 7.0%. cm3 per min The baker carried out the trials at 30 °C. The trials were repeated at 20 °C. Draw a line on to show the rate of carbon dioxide production at 20 °C. The baker carried out another trial at 80 °C. No carbon dioxide was released. State why no carbon dioxide was produced. Name one other industrial process that uses yeast. During the production of penicillin, large fermenters are used. shows a fermenter. FRROLQJZDWHU VWHULOHDLU QXWULHQWV SUHVVXUH UHOHDVHYDOYH PRWRU SUREHV VDPSOHWXEH FRROLQJZDWHU ZDWHUILOOHG MDFNHW VWLUUHU WDS SURGXFWV Explain the functions of the following parts of the fermenter: stirrer water-filled jacket probes The air and nutrients that are added to the fermenter are sterile. State why they must be sterile.
21. Biotechnology and genetic modification  →  21.2. Biotechnology
12. Respiration  →  12.3. Anaerobic respiration
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4
Increasing human population is linked to a change in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. shows the carbon dioxide concentration between 1958 and 2010 measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. carbon dioxide concentration / parts per million year Describe how the carbon dioxide concentration has changed between 1958 and 2010. You will gain credit for using data from . Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Name one other greenhouse gas. Explain how carbon dioxide enhances the greenhouse effect. Mineral ions are needed for plant growth. Complete Table 4.1 to show the function and effect of the lack of some mineral ions on plants. One has been done for you. Table 4.1 mineral ion function in plants effect of lack of mineral ion on plants nitrate magnesium phosphate used for making DNA poor root growth Fertilisers can cause pollution to aquatic systems. Overuse of fertilisers may cause eutrophication. Lake Udai Sagar in India is an example of an aquatic system that shows high levels of eutrophication. Explain what happens in aquatic environments, such as Lake Udai Sagar, when eutrophication occurs.
20. Human influences on ecosystems  →  20.3. Pollution
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5
shows the different types of human teeth. LQFLVRUV FDQLQH SUHPRODUV PRODUV Describe the functions of the canine and molar teeth. shows the skulls of a tiger and a rabbit. WLJHU UDEELW not to scale State two ways in which the teeth of a tiger differ from the teeth of a rabbit, using evidence from . Suggest one feature visible in that indicates the tiger is a carnivore. Omnivores are animals that eat both animals and plants. Scientists use the number and types of teeth to classify animals as carnivores, herbivores or omnivores. Table 5.1 shows examples of different types of mammals and their teeth. Table 5.1 mammal carnivore, herbivore or omnivore incisors canines premolars molars total number of teeth omnivore omnivore herbivore herbivore carnivore carnivore X Calculate the number of molars as a percentage of the total number of teeth for mammal 1. Show your working. Give your answer to the nearest whole number. % The skull of an unidentified mammal, X, is likely to be a carnivore. Discuss the evidence in Table 5.1 for and against classifying mammal X as a carnivore. Mechanically digested food travels from the mouth to the stomach. The gastric juice in the stomach contains hydrochloric acid, giving a low pH environment. Explain why it is important to have a low pH in the stomach. Products of digestion are absorbed through the villi in the small intestine. Explain how villi are adapted for absorption. Coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to a protein called gluten. The villi become damaged causing a reduction in the absorption of nutrients. Suggest possible effects on the body of a reduction in the absorption of nutrients.
7. Human nutrition  →  7.3. Physical digestion
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6
A new species of frog was discovered in 2009 in the Amazon rainforest in Peru. shows this frog, Osteocephalus castaneicola. State the genus of this animal. In the past, anatomy was a way to classify species. DNA is now used to aid the classification of organisms. Draw and annotate a diagram to show the structure of DNA. Describe how DNA can be used to classify organisms. DNA controls cell function by controlling the production of proteins. Proteins are coded for by a length of DNA. What is the name given to the length of DNA which codes for a protein? Describe the role of mRNA in protein synthesis.
1. Characteristics and classification of living organisms  →  1.2. Concept and uses of classification systems
17. Inheritance  →  17.1. Chromosomes, genes and proteins
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